Confucius said, "It's better to keep pace with the times, isn't it? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? " Confucius said, "Clever words make the color so fresh."

Confucius said, "A gentleman does not seek satiety, security, sensitivity to things, but prudence, so he can be said to be eager to learn."

Confucius said, "If you don't suffer from people's ignorance, you don't know people."

Confucius said, "There are 300 poems. In a word, it says' thinking naively'. "

Confucius said, "Five out of ten, I am determined to learn; I am thirty years old; Forty without confusion; At the age of fifty, I knew my destiny; I am obedient at the age of sixty; I am still obedient at the age of seventy; I didn't cross the line. "

Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher."

Confucius said, "The week of gentlemen is incomparable, and the week of villains is incomparable."

Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous."

Confucius said, "Why not teach your daughter to read? Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing. "

Confucius said, "People without faith don't know what they can do."

Confucius called Ji's family: "Bashu dances in court, how can you bear it?" Why not? "

Confucius said, "Guanju" is a novel that is happy but not lewd, sad but not hurt. "

Confucius said, "If you don't say what you do, if you don't remonstrate, let bygones be bygones."

Confucius said, "Listen in the morning and die at night."

Confucius said, "A gentleman is righteous, but a villain is profitable."

Confucius said, "If you don't do it, you will be introspective."

Confucius said, "Rotten wood can't be carved, nor can the wall of dung be carved. What is the punishment? "

political thought

Its core is "courtesy" and "benevolence". In the general plan of governing the country, he advocates "governing the country by virtue", which is the noblest way to govern the country. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy". In fact, this strategy broke the traditional creed that courtesy is no less than Shu Ren's, and broke the original important boundary between nobles and civilians. Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any government, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for establishing a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.

Economic thought

The most important economic thoughts of Confucius are the concept of valuing righteousness over profit, distinguishing right from wrong and enriching the people. This is also the main content of Confucian economic thought. Have a great influence on future generations. Confucius' so-called "righteousness" is a social moral standard, and "profit" refers to people's pursuit of material interests. In the relationship between "righteousness" and "benefit", Confucius put "righteousness" in the first place. He said, "see what you want". (1) requires people to consider how to conform to "righteousness" before material interests. He believes that "righteousness follows", that is, it can only be obtained if it conforms to "righteousness". Confucius even suggested in The Analects of Confucius Zi Han that it is necessary to talk less about "profit", but we should not avoid it. According to Zuo Zhuan, Confucius was a duke for two years and thought that "righteousness is good". That is, there is "righteousness" to produce benefits. "Yi Chuan Classical Chinese" said: "Those who benefit, the sum of righteousness is also." This is the unity of opposing "righteousness" and "benefit". This thought accords with Confucius' opinion. In the ten years of Zhao Gong, Zuo Zhuan recorded that Yan Ying said, "Righteousness is the foundation of benefit." Righteousness is the foundation of benefit. It is also in line with Confucius' proposition. Confucius opposed the one-sided pursuit of utility. He believes that in the face of "benefit", we should always measure whether we should take it with "righteousness". He said it is moral to get it, so that people won't hate it. On the contrary, "do it for the benefit, but complain more." (1) that is, one-sided pursuit of personal interests as the guiding ideology of action will produce a lot of resentment. Therefore, Confucius thinks that doing immoral things to get rich is like floating clouds, and he disdains ill-gotten gains. Confucius also believed that the attitude towards "righteousness" and "benefit" can distinguish "gentlemen" from "villains". A gentleman with morality can easily understand the importance of righteousness, while a villain who lacks moral cultivation only knows "profit" but not "righteousness". This is what Confucius said in the Analects of Liren: "A gentleman is righteous and a villain is beneficial". Since Confucius emphasized "righteousness", he must despise manual labor. He was very dissatisfied with Fan Chi, a disciple who wanted to study agriculture, and called him a "villain". Confucius also believes that people who farm are inevitably hungry, and those who study can be officials and enjoy their salaries. Because of Confucius' conservative political attitude, the reform of economic system also reflects conservative thoughts. For example, in the fifteenth year of Shandong (594 BC), the "initial tax mu" was implemented to legally recognize the legal status of private land, which was a major economic reform in the Spring and Autumn Period; However, according to Zuo Zhuan, Confucius recorded the "first tax mu" when compiling Spring and Autumn Annals, in order to criticize its "indecency". In the 12th year of Lu Aigong (483 BC), the state of Lu "used land tax", that is, military tax was levied per mu, and Confucius also expressed opposition. But Confucius advocated "enriching the people". Starting from the long-term interests of the ruling class, he believes that the exploitation of the people should not be exhausted. In The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo, he advocated leniency for politics, saying that "leniency will win the hearts of the people". He discussed politics with his disciple You Ran in Weiguo, and proposed to be "rich" for the people. (2) the thought of enriching the people. In Confucius' view, the people are rich, but the monarch is not rich; People are not rich, and you are not rich. It is also recorded in the Analects of Confucius that Confucius advocated "benefiting people", that is, doing things that are beneficial to the people. On the other hand, he advocated that taxes should be lighter, and the apportionment of corvees should not delay the farming season. According to the Analects of Confucius, Confucius also preached to politicians at that time, demanding that politicians should not be too extravagant and pay attention to thrift. He said: "luxury is not bad, frugal and solid." It is better to be practical than to feel inferior. " At the same time, it also advocates "saving and loving others". This includes applying Confucius' thought of "benevolence" to the economic field.

Educational thought

Confucius first put forward "education without class", believing that everyone in the world has the right to education. Confucius' Aesthetics of Educational Practice

Good suggestions are put forward: teachers should be "tireless", "persuasive" and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" in the process of teaching and educating people. He believes that students should have good learning methods, such as "drawing inferences from others" and "learning new things by reviewing old ones". Learning should also be combined with thinking that "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and learning that "three people must have a teacher"; Study with a correct attitude. Confucius' educational thought still has important enlightenment and educational significance.

Aesthetic ideology

The core of Confucius' aesthetic thought is the unity of "beauty" and "goodness", and the unity of form and content. Confucius advocated "poetry teaching", that is, combining literature and art with political morality, and taking literature and art as a means to change social politics and an important way to cultivate sentiment. Confucius believes that a perfect person should cultivate his self-cultivation in three aspects: poetry, ceremony and music. Confucius' aesthetic thought has a great influence on later literary theories.