Ancient medieval education
Organized education in Britain began at the same time as the spread of Christianity. Two branches of Christianity, the Celtic Church and the Roman Church, were introduced into Britain from the north and the south. In 563 AD, Columbus, a priest of the Celtic Church, came to Scotland from Ireland, built a temple on Iona Island and spread Christianity. Later, it gradually moved south to England, where monasteries not only trained new converts, but also conducted general education. In 597, St. Augustine came to Kent in southern England from the European continent and built a cathedral in Canterbury to educate new converts and train priests. Religion and education are the work of the church and inseparable. These two sects of Christianity finally merged into the Roman Sect. From the 6th century to 1000 of the Reformation, the church monopolized English education. Except for apprenticeships and aristocratic education, all organized education is provided by the church. The appointment of teachers and principals must be approved by the bishop himself or his appointed agent. /kloc-the development of British education in 0/000 can be divided into three periods:
(1) The period from the introduction of Christianity into England to the Norman Conquest (1066) is called the formative period. Initially, schools were located in cathedrals or monasteries, and there were neither specialized buildings nor full-time teachers. Educate people of all ages by the bishop himself or other priests. Since then, schools have gradually been divided into grammar schools and singing schools. Grammar school belongs to the nature of general education. Grammar refers to Latin, which is the first of the seven great arts in the Middle Ages and the foundation of other arts. Latin is the common language of religions, laws and governments in the Christian world, which needs to be mastered by both scholars and people who are interested in working in churches or governments. Therefore, grammar schools enjoy a high status. Singing school is vocational training. Train church choir members and pastor assistants in the ceremony. Canterbury Grammar School and York Grammar School were founded in the late 7th century and early 8th century respectively, which are the oldest grammar schools in Britain. The famous British theologian Archin once taught in York. According to legend, King Alfred of England also founded the court school.
(2) The Black Death (1349) occurred during the Norman conquest of England, which was called the development period. During this period, Aristotle's logic was introduced into Britain, and it became common to learn church regulations and Roman law. Oxford University (1mid-2nd century) and Cambridge University (1209) were established one after another, and various types of schools were founded one after another, which led to a prosperous academic scene. Due to the invasion of Normans, a considerable number of Saxon teachers in the school were replaced by Normans, and Latin was translated into Normandy French in teaching. During this period, the educational organization of the church had a fixed form, namely Latin schools and mother tongue schools. The responsibilities of the two types of schools are clear. The former is secondary education and the latter is primary education. In order to learn the mother tongue, a reading and writing school appeared. Singing schools and reading and writing schools have become preparatory schools for grammar schools, equivalent to modern primary schools. Grammar schools contact universities and offer courses such as Latin, elementary logic and rhetoric to prepare for further study. This has become a remarkable feature of British education.
College entrance requirements. Applicants must pass five general education certificate examination subjects. There are 2 advanced subjects, 3 general subjects or 3 advanced subjects plus 1 general subjects. Submit the application for admission to the University Admission Committee for the next year from September 1 to February 15 (from September 1 to 10/5 in Oxford and Cambridge).
Normal education British universities bear the responsibility of training teachers. Before 1975, regional training institutions were established under the leadership of universities, with the participation of universities, teacher training institutions, local education authorities and teachers' representatives, and the vice president of universities served as the chairman of the board of directors of regional training institutions. 1975, there are 22 regional training institutions in England and 1 in Wales. This system was abolished on 1975. At present, the business and administrative responsibilities of regional training institutions are undertaken by the College of Education of the University. There are five types of teacher training institutions: university education department, education college (formerly normal college), technical education college, multidisciplinary technical college education department and art training center. Among them, there are more than 0/60 colleges of education/KLOC-with a three-year academic system, and students are awarded teacher qualification certificates after graduation. Some students study 1 year and get a bachelor's degree in education. Most colleges of education train primary school teachers in general subjects. Technical Education College, University Education Department and Art Training Center only provide professional training 1 year. Technical education colleges train continuing education teachers. The Department of University Education recruits university graduates and trains professional teachers for middle schools. The art training center only recruits students with artistic or handicraft professional qualifications and trains specialized teachers. At the end of 1970s, the demand for teachers decreased due to the declining birth rate. The government has adjusted the teacher training institutions, and more than 65,438+000 colleges of education have merged with each other or with multidisciplinary technical colleges and continuing education colleges to improve the quality of teacher training.
philology
South L. Curtis, History of British Education, University Tutorial Press, London, 1957.
H.C.Dent, Education in England and Wales, stoughton, Heddeland, London, 1982.