Romanticism (English: Romanticism) is a western European art, literature and cultural movement that began in18th century, and occurred around the beginning of the industrial revolution in 1790. Romanticism pays attention to strong emotions as the source of aesthetic experience, and begins to emphasize anxiety, panic and other emotions, as well as people's awe when they encounter the splendor of nature. Romanticism has subverted the political culture of aristocratic autocracy since the Enlightenment, and rationalized it by people whose art and literature are against nature. Romanticism attaches importance to folk art, nature and tradition, and advocates a theory of knowledge based on nature, which explains human activities with natural environment, including language, tradition and customs. Romanticism was influenced by the Enlightenment and also absorbed the artistic elements of retro medieval culture. The word "romance" comes from "romance"-it represents the poetic style of praising heroes in medieval literature and romantic literature.
The basic characteristics of romantic literature;
1 Strong subjective color, preferring to express subjective thoughts and paying attention to expressing personal feelings and experiences. Attach importance to subjectivity, ignore objectivity and self-expression, and ignore objective imitation.
I like to describe and praise nature. (particularly prominent)
The author likes to put the characters he understands in the pure and quiet nature, which sets off the ugliness of the real society and the beauty he understands.
3 Pay attention to medieval folk literature. Rich imagination, sincere feelings, free expression and simple and natural language.
Pay attention to artistic effect: exotic Qingdao sentiment, contrast, exaggeration and extraordinary characters.
(B) the basic characteristics of realistic literature
The basic characteristics of realistic literature are: first, pay attention to the observation and experience of life, and strive to make artistic description conform to the form, appearance and logic of real life in appearance and detail; Second, pay attention to the application of typification methods, and strive to express the essence and law of life through details in artistic description; Third, writers generally do not express their feelings directly in their works, and their ideological tendencies are relatively hidden.
Romanticism: It is an artistic innovation movement initiated by18th century in western Europe. A basic method and style of literary and artistic creation, together with realism, are two major ideological trends in the history of literature and art. Romanticism (English Romanticism) originated from the language and literature of some ancient Roman capitals in southern Europe. The different dialects in these areas were originally a mixture of Latin and local dialects, and later developed into Romance. 11~12nd century, a large number of legendary stories and ballads in local languages and literature were written in Roman language. These works mainly describe the magical deeds, chivalry and mystery of medieval knights, and stories with such characteristics are gradually called legends, that is, knight stories or legendary stories. Romantic thought is embodied in literature, art, architecture, music and other artistic fields.
Romanticism, as a creative method and style, emphasizes subjectivity and subjectivity, focuses on the ideal world, puts emotion and imagination in the first place, and often uses passionate language, imagination beyond reality and exaggeration to shape the ideal image. Literary and artistic creation, ancient and modern, at home and abroad, has this feature from the beginning. For example, the poems of Qu Yuan and Li Bai in China and The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en, Goethe and Schiller in Germany, Hugo and George Shah in France, Byron and Shelley in Britain all have distinct romantic features.
As a literary trend of thought, Romanticism rose and prevailed in Europe from the end of18th century to the beginning of19th century. At that time, it was the era of bourgeois revolution, and the bourgeoisie was on the rise, demanding individual liberation and emotional freedom, resisting the rule of feudalism in politics and the bondage of classicism in literature and art. In order to meet this need, the romantic trend of thought came into being.
Romantic literature The romantic spirit first appeared in literature. In France, the pioneer of romanticism is Rousseau, who preaches that emotion is supreme and human nature is good. A group of writers responded to his slogan of "returning to nature", expressing their feelings about nature, depicting the charm of nature, and expressing their love, pursuit and attachment to beautiful things, freedom and ideals, and their homeland. The representative of early French romanticism was chateaubriand. His works cherish the memory of past ideals, preach the power of religion, and show strong negative thoughts and emotions. 1800, Mrs Starr published a book on literature, introducing her views on romanticism. In this book and another on Germany, she raised the issue of romantic nationalism, which laid the theoretical foundation of French romanticism. The successful performances of Hugo's Preface to Cromwell and Ernane marked the victory of romanticism over classicism. Hugo's works are magnificent and full of idealism, showing deep sympathy for the middle and lower classes. They are masterpieces of French and European romantic literature. George sand's novels expressing utopian socialist ideals and revealing that money is omnipotent are also excellent works in French romantic literature. However, strictly speaking, romanticism still originated in Germany and Britain. The earliest manifestation of romanticism was the German charge period. The schlegel brothers became the leaders of German romanticism in the last decades of the18th century. The publication "The Temple of Athena" edited by schlegel Brothers has played an important role in promoting the propaganda and theoretical construction of the romantic movement, and is called Jena Romanticism. They demand the liberation of individuality, advocate the freedom of creation, and advocate breaking the boundaries of various arts. However, their romanticism theory is full of subjective idealism and religious mysticism. Another school of German romanticism is Heidelberg School. The representative figures are Anim, brentano and Brothers Grimm, who attach importance to folk literature and collect folk songs and fairy tales in depth, which has played a positive role in the development of romantic literature. In addition, the works of Hoffman, Holderlin, Heine, Goethe and Schiller also occupy an important position in German romantic literature. The main representatives of English romanticism are Hunan poets Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Wordsworth regarded poetry as a "natural expression of strong feelings" in the preface to the second edition of Lyric Ballads, which later became the declaration of English romantic poets. Byron, Shelley, Keats and others are the representatives of English romantic literature in the early19th century. They criticized the feudal church forces, showed a democratic tendency to strive for freedom and progress, and developed and enriched the form and rhythm of romantic poetry in art. Scott, the representative of the novel, is good at combining historical events with bold imagination to create colorful pictures. Russian poet zhukovsky, influenced and promoted by Western European Romanticism, broke the classical norms in the early19th century and created many beautiful lyric poems and narrative poems, which played an important role in the rise of Russian Romanticism. The Decemberists poets Pushkin and lermontov's early romantic creations are full of revolutionary passion, eulogizing the thoughts of anti-autocracy and striving for freedom, and they are outstanding representatives of Russian romantic literature. Romantic literature in Eastern Europe is represented by Polish revolutionary poet A Mizz Kevic and Hungarian revolutionary poet S Petofi, whose works have distinctive patriotism and strong national characteristics. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, romantic literature in Europe was gradually replaced by realistic literature.
Romantic Art 18 In the 1960s and 1970s, some painters in Rome explored various possible ways beyond the strict academic principles of neoclassical art ... Among them, Henry Fuselli, a Swiss, was the most prominent because his paintings were strange and unusual, and his painting incubus focused on depicting the irrational power of thought. On the basis of Christian mythology, British painter and poet Blake developed his own fine view of the world, and his watercolor painting skills were exquisite. In the later generation of painters, constable and Tanner combined the vividness of watercolor painting techniques with oil painting. Constable described the rural scenery in Britain and explored the complexity of light and color in the atmosphere. Tanner played the natural effect of light and created a dynamic composition, which made the audience seem to swim with the picture. In Germany, the landscape painter Long Greto symbolically described personal spiritual temperament as a part of ordinary natural spirituality. Friedrich is a devout religious person. He used the image of a lonely tree or a towering cross to imply reverence and awe for nature and mind. In France, the main romantic painter who uses historical and literary themes is Delacroix. In addition to experimenting with color and light, he also showed his feelings with energetic brushstrokes. He is fascinated by exotic themes, especially nomadic life in the desert of North Africa. His works describing animal life enthusiastically reflect his similar interests with Jericho, who is very revolutionary in choosing contemporary events as his creative theme.
Realism:
As far as Western Europe is concerned, realism is a literary trend of thought and creative method formed in the specific historical period from the Renaissance to the19th century, and it is also a literary phenomenon when the bourgeoisie in Western Europe stepped onto the historical stage and established political rule.
Realism, as a special literary term, first appeared in the theoretical works of German playwright Schiller in18th century. However, "realism", as a literary trend of thought, literary mud and creative method, first appeared in the French literary world. The word "realism" in French comes from the Latin word "realism". The emergence of realistic names is completely different from the existence of this literary trend of thought. In France, realism began in the 1950s. At first, the French novelist Fran? ois Flory (1821-kloc-0/599) used realism as a term to express a new artistic style. In his article "Realism in Art" in 1850, he used this term for the first time as a sign of criticizing realistic literature and art. Later, the French painter Courbet (18 19- 1877) advocated realism in painting.
1855, an exhibition of paintings was held in Courbet, which caused a big debate, which was called \ "realistic debate \" in the history of literature and art. In this war, Courbet founded a periodical called Realism. 1857, Champolli, an enthusiastic supporter of Courbet, named his anthology "Realist". Since then, the flag of realism has been formally established in European literary circles, and this term has become popular in France. As we all know, Balzac (1799- 1850) is a writer in the deepest sense of realism, and his Human Comedy is a profound and standardized realistic literature. However, Balzac, like Stendhal, Dickens, Thackeray and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, never used the term "realism" to express their new literary school. In Russia, Pisarev, a literary theorist, first used this term (see his Realist), but it was in the 1960s.
Generally speaking, anything that can fully express the typical characteristics of real life with images is called realistic works. Emile Faguet, a French literary historian, explained: "Realism is an artistic proposition that clearly and calmly observes human events and then describes them clearly and calmly. ..... We should select the most meaningful rhyming events from thousands of real events, and then sort them out to make them have a strong impression. " This is basically consistent with Engels' definition that "realism requires the true representation of typical characters in typical environments in addition to the truth in details". If realism is not simply understood as the inner truth of various realistic arts, but only as a set of principles and artistic methods of character description, then in western Europe, it is generally believed that realism was formed during the Renaissance. From Renaissance realism to1critical realism in the 1920s, and1enlightenment realism in the 8th century. Renaissance realism is famous for describing the vivid and rich feelings, desires and feelings of characters. It shows the sublimity of people, the integrity, purity and poetry of characters. However, it is not as realistic as the Enlightenment in analyzing social relations. The latter is more social and analytical, emphasizing that creation should have a clear social purpose and ideological education.
/kloc-the trend of critical realism in the 0/9th century is both a historical inheritance and a realistic innovation. It summed up the literary experience before18th century, supplemented the historical concreteness of realism in the Renaissance, got rid of the rational principle of classicism, and overcame the didactic elements of realism and the subjectivity of romanticism in the Enlightenment. It also accepted the concreteness of character description from Renaissance literature, social analysis factors from classicism and enlightenment literature, and some passion from romanticism, but it gradually lost its unique optimism in the previous generation literature, but it was stained with pessimism that it could not get rid of. /kloc-the critical realism in the 0/9th century seems to be an organic combination of the realistic characteristics of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. It is also developed under the new historical conditions. It can describe people from the movement and development of things, from the various relationships between people and the environment, especially its representation of typical characters in typical environments, direct analysis of social life reality, and sharp exposure and criticism of reality, reaching an unprecedented level. In the history of world literature, the critical realism literature in the19th century became the peak of European bourgeois literature and art development. ..
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