Northern Zambia is located in the Zan-Ganggang copper belt, the largest sedimentary copper deposit in the world, and the copper reserves in this copper belt account for 25% of the world's total reserves. Zambia has formed a "copper belt" with a length of 220km and a width of 65km. There are abundant copper resources and high grade here. Zambia has proven copper reserves of 65.438+0.2 billion tons, with an average grade of 2.5%. Most of Zambia's copper mines are concentrated in this area, mainly including:
Longwana copper mine in northwest province. The proven ore reserves are1020,000 tons, and the grade is 1. 1%. It is said that this is one of the largest undeveloped copper mines in the world. Equinox Australia plans to invest 500 million US dollars to mine this mine, which is expected to be put into operation in 2008 with an annual output of 6.5438+0.4 million tons.
Kansanshi copper mine in Solwezi area, northwest province. Located at 65,438+05km north of Solvaz and 65,438+06km away from the southern border of Congo, the proven ore reserves are 267m tons with a grade of 65,438+0.5%-3%. Canada's First Quantum Mineral Company has invested 290 million US dollars in mining, with an annual output of 1 10000 tons. In 2006, another $70 million was invested in high-pressure oxidation and filtration.
Konkola copper mine. The proven ore reserves are 250 million tons with a grade of 3.8%. Originally operated by Anglo-American Group, it was spun off in 2002. In 2005, Vedanta, an Indian holding company, took over and plans to invest another $400 million to expand. After the expansion part is put into production in 2009, the annual output of copper concentrate can be increased from 2 million tons to 6 million tons. A new mine with an area of 4,300 hectares and a proven ore reserve of 654.38 billion tons was discovered in the north of Concordia.
Nchanga copper mine. Mainly sulfide ore and oxide ore, with proven reserves of 206 million tons, it is the largest open-pit copper mine in Zambia and the fourth largest in the world. The upper ore body is mined in open pit with an average grade of 2.3%; The lower ore body is mined underground with an average grade of 3.7%. The mine is owned by Concorda Mining Company.
In addition, the Nkana copper mine and the Muvrila copper mine. The proven ore reserves are nearly 654.38 billion tons, with an average grade of 2.33%. The ore bodies are mainly chalcopyrite, chalcopyrite and porphyrite. Mopani copper mine has mining rights. Mufumbwe copper mine in northwest province. The proven ore reserves are 7.2 million tons with a grade of 2.2%. Kalengwa copper mine in northwest province. The proven ore reserves are 6.5438+600,000 tons with a grade of 6.45%.
According to the World Bureau of Metals Statistics, Zambia was once one of the most important copper producers in the world. During the period of 65438+1960s, Zambia's copper production was second only to the United States and the Soviet Union, and was equivalent to Chile, making it the fourth largest copper producer in the world. At the independence of 1964, Zambia's copper output was 697,000 tons, accounting for 13% of the world's total output, reaching a peak of 740,000 tons in 1969, and then gradually declining. Since the second half of 1990s, Zambia's copper production has dropped to about 300,000 tons per year, and its share in the world has dropped to about 2%. Since 2003, copper prices in the international market have started to pick up, foreign investors have increased their investment in Zambia's copper mining industry, and copper production has increased year by year. In 2005, Zambia's copper output reached 467,000 tons. In 2006, copper prices in the international market hit record highs, and Zambia's copper output is expected to reach 600,000 tons. Zambia's national flag was put into use on June 24th, and 1964 was slightly modified in June 1996. The National Flag Railway is connected with Tanzania-Zambia Railway through Malamba in the south, the copper belt in the north and pirim-Bo Shi in Qatar. There is a modern international airport in the suburbs. The regional differentiation of urban functions is obvious.
Cairo Road, which runs through the north and south, is the main commercial street, with banks, shops, hotels and office buildings. Government agencies and residential areas are located in the east of the city. Factories are mostly concentrated along railways and highways. On both sides of Dadong Highway, there are the famous Chikwa amphitheater, the University of Zambia, the Mulungush Building and the National Assembly Building. The climate is pleasant, the seasons are like spring, there are many tropical flowers and plants, and the environment is beautiful, so it is called "garden city".
Famous parks include Rhodes Park and Olympia Park. There are many copper buildings in the city, and the outer wall of the parliament building in the city is made of copper bags; In the center of Independence Square, the third green depth that is not connected with copper casting becomes shallow. The national flag is rectangular with an aspect ratio of 3:2.
The national flag is green, and the vertical rectangle at the lower right is composed of three parallel and equal vertical stripes of red, black and orange, with an eagle spreading its wings above it.
Green symbolizes the country's natural resources, red symbolizes the struggle for freedom, black represents Zambians, and orange symbolizes the country's mineral deposits.
The flying eagle symbolizes Zambia's independence and freedom.
The national emblem of Zambia was launched on June 5438+0964+1October 24, 2004. The shield pattern in the middle consists of black and white ripples, symbolizing the famous Mosio Tunia Waterfall.
On both sides of the shield are black men in workers' uniforms and black women in national costumes, symbolizing the brotherly family of African blacks.
The top of the coat of arms is crossed with hoes and pickaxes, symbolizing the farmers and miners in the country; The eagle above symbolizes Zambia's independence, freedom and the country's ability to solve the problems it faces.
The lower end of the coat of arms is green land, symbolizing fertile land; The corn on the green land symbolizes agriculture and crops; Mines and zebras symbolize the country's rich natural resources.
On the ribbon at the bottom is written the national motto "One Zambia, One Nation" (one Zambia, one country) in English. "Stand up and sing Zambia, pride and freedom" is the national anthem of Zambia. The tune is taken from 1897, a Christian hymn "God Bless Africa" written by enoch Sontonga, a black priest in South Africa. Lyrics were written on the eve of Zambia's independence, highlighting Zambian colors to distinguish the original words of Song Yu Tong Jia from the overall characteristics of Africa.
God Bless Africa is also the first paragraph of South Africa's national anthem. The first constitution was enacted in 1964 and the second constitution was enacted in 1973. 1990 parliament amended the constitution and restored the multi-party system. The current Constitution was promulgated in August of 199 1.
According to the constitution, the president is the head of state, the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the army. He is elected by universal suffrage for a term of five years and can be re-elected twice. Implement the presidential cabinet system and add a vice president, with cabinet ministers appointed by the president from among parliamentarians; Separation of legislative, judicial and administrative powers; Allow opposition parties to exist, etc.
1In June, 1996, the Parliament revised the Constitution again, adding clauses such as "the parents and the person of the presidential candidate must be Zambians" and "the chief cannot go into politics". In 2003, a new round of constitutional reform was launched around the reform of presidential election procedure. In February 2007, the National Conference on Constitutional Amendment No.65438 was held. 20 10 in August, the national constitutional amendment conference submitted a new draft constitution to the government. 20 1 1 In April, Zambia's constitutional amendment was not passed. After taking office, President Sata announced that he would adopt a new constitution within 90 days. The National Assembly is the highest legislature of the country, with a unicameral system, with a total of 65,438+058 seats and a term of five years. Among them, 150 seats are directly elected, and the president can appoint another 8 appointed members. The current parliament was elected in September 20 1 1, and it is the1/national assembly after independence.
At present, the seats of all political parties in the parliament are as follows: Patriotic Front 78 seats, Multi-Democratic Movement 45 seats, National Development Unity Party 29 seats, Democratic Development Alliance 1 seat, Democracy and Development Forum 1 seat, and three seats without party affiliation. The current Speaker Patrick Matibini is from the Patriotic Front. The current cabinet was formed in September, 20 1 1, and consists of the president, the vice president and 17 ministers. At present, the main members are as follows:
President michael chilufya sata.
Vice President Guy L Scot.
Secretary of Defense Jeffrey Mvamba.
Minister of Justice Winter Kabimba
Finance Minister Alexander Chikvanda,
Interior Minister Edgar C. Lungu
Joseph Kasonde, Minister of Health.
Foreign Minister Ephron Lungu
Emmanuel Chen Da, Minister of Commerce, Trade and Industry
Chishimba Kambwili, Minister of Youth and Sports
Yamfwa Mukanga, Minister of Mining, Energy and Water Development
Kennedy Sakani, Minister of Information and Broadcasting
Faxen Shamanda, Minister of Labor and Social Security.
Minister of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education John Ferri
Minister of Land, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Wylbur Simuusa
Emerine Kabanshi, Minister of Local Government and Housing
Joseph Katema, Minister of Community Development and Maternal and Child Health
Nkandu Luo, Minister of Traditional Affairs.
Inonge Wina, Minister of Gender and Women's Development
Christopher Yaluma, Minister of Transport, Engineering, Supply and Communications
Sylvia Masebo, Minister of Tourism and Arts.
In the presidential by-election held on October 20, 2065438+2005/KLOC-0, Edgar Lungu, the candidate of the ruling Patriotic Front Party, won the election with 48.33% of the votes and was sworn in in in the capital Lusaka on the 25th. There are currently 29 legal political parties in Zambia, including:
(1) patriotic front, PF): the ruling party. Established on 200 1. Its program is to advocate political decentralization, safeguard people's basic rights and freedoms and social fairness and justice, reduce government administrative expenses, improve administrative efficiency, and oppose corruption and abuse of public resources; Economically, it pursues a free trade policy, advocates low tax rates and low interest rates to stimulate economic development, and advocates vigorously developing education, health and infrastructure, actively creating jobs and increasing people's income. Michael chilufya sata, the leader.
(2) Multi-party Democratic Movement (MMD): The largest opposition party, 1990, was established in February, referred to as multi-party democracy. The political program is to implement political pluralism, economic liberalization and privatization; Protect people's right to participate in political and economic activities; Promote freedom of speech, assembly and association; The separation of party and government ensures the functions and traditional rule of chiefs. Leader Naawer Mumba.
(3) National Development United Party (UPND): 1998 65438+ was established in February, referred to as National Development Party. Since its establishment, it has developed rapidly and has a great influence in southern and western provinces. Leader Hakainde Hichilema. Acting President Guy Scott. Born in June 1944. Received a degree in economics and a degree in cognitive science from Cambridge University and Sussex University. 1990 Join the multi-party democratic movement. 199 1 was elected as a member of the northern province and served as the minister of agriculture, food and fisheries. 200 1 join the patriotic front and become the general secretary of the party. 201/kloc-0 was elected vice chairman of the patriotic front in June. 20 1 1 In September, he was elected as a member of the lusaka province Parliament and served as the vice president. 20 141On October 28th, Zambian President Sata died and Guy Scott became acting president. 20111led the patriotic front delegation to visit China in February.