Cooperation refers to a kind of social communication activity in which two or more individuals voluntarily unite to achieve common goals, achieve common goals through mutual cooperation and coordination, and finally satisfy their personal interests. But in our life, how is cooperation reflected? -Not for optimism. In my years of preschool education practice, I found that children's exclusive behaviors (toys, food, etc. ) is a very common phenomenon. The natural behavior of most children is: some play with toys by themselves when they get them, and don't want to give them to others; Some people want to see their favorite toys, or cry or complain if they don't give them to them; Like to compete for toys; If you want to play but don't achieve your goal, you will hurt others (kicking or arresting people) and so on. These phenomena fully show that today's children are very lacking in sharing consciousness and behavior, will not get along with their peers, and are always self-centered and will not cooperate. The reason for this phenomenon is that in today's society, the only child has become the main trend of this generation. The doting of parents and grandparents has made them develop many bad habits. At home, they are kings, and everything goes smoothly, so in kindergarten, they simply ignore the existence of others, take everything for themselves, take themselves as the center and have no sense of cooperation at all. Some children don't even know what cooperation is. After a long period of communication, those children who can't cooperate with their peers will be unhappy, and some will become unwelcome people. Therefore, it is very important to cultivate children's sense of cooperation and ability from an early age.
So, how to cultivate children's sense of cooperation and ability?
I. The role of setting an example
? The first is the role model of teachers. Teachers have always had high prestige in children's minds, and they will always be the objects of children's imitation. Teachers' daily behaviors and emotional attitudes have a subtle influence on children's development at any time. Therefore, teachers should be conscientious and be good at seizing every favorable opportunity to demonstrate children's behavior. In daily life, I have a tacit understanding with another teacher in my class, and my class assignments are consistent. When organizing children's activities, one teacher is organizing children's operation activities, and another teacher actively helps to organize materials; When making teaching AIDS, they are all cooperative works; The layout of the walls and areas of the class fully reflects the traces of cooperation-the repeated cooperation of teachers has attracted many children to help organize materials, draw and cut and paste. Invisibly, children's sense of cooperation was also aroused and began to sprout gradually. In addition, peers are also role models for children to observe and learn. Teachers' positive evaluation and encouragement of children with cooperative behavior inspires other children to learn from them. For example, when children have some material sharing behaviors, teachers should make positive evaluation and encouragement, and teachers should use their own movements, expressions, eyes, gestures and other changes to express their affirmation of children's sharing behaviors; When children are found to have cooperative behavior, teachers can nod, smile, give a thumbs-up or pat their shoulders and heads with their hands, so that children will be happy and satisfied because of the teacher's affirmation, and will be more willing to have similar behaviors in the future.
Second, stimulate children's interest and cultivate a sense of cooperation.
? Interest is the internal motivation to promote children's exploration and learning. A good interest in learning can enable children to complete tasks with a relaxed and happy mind. Compulsory learning without interest will stifle children's thirst for knowledge. Similarly, to cultivate children's interest in cooperation is to cherish their curiosity, make them feel that cooperation with others is very interesting, and stimulate their desire to try to cooperate with others. For example; In the interesting picture book stories "Don't be so grumpy", "Three Butterflies", "Butterfly Kite" and the song performance "Ants Move Beans", while helping children understand the story, guide the children or small animals in the story to understand that "only by playing with everyone can they feel happy; If you have difficulties, everyone can help together to succeed. " Inspire children's interest and cultivate a sense of cooperation through literary and artistic works and examples around them. Therefore, children like to cooperate with their peers, and maintain a continuous interest in cooperation with their peers, laying the foundation for further cultivating children's cooperative ability.
? In addition, the active cooperation and support of parents can also promote the rapid development of children's sense of cooperation. For example, peeling edamame, cleaning the house, parent-child manual and so on. Parents can cooperate with their children, which not only enhances their sense of cooperation, but also cultivates their ability of self-care and hands-on operation. Use these concrete and vivid examples to really tell children that cooperation is powerful and further enhance their sense of cooperation.
Third, create opportunities for cooperation
? The one-child problem in modern society makes children's cooperation ability not well exercised and developed in the family. At the same time, the only child's willfulness, selfishness and self-centeredness are more serious, which limits the cultivation of children's cooperative ability. Therefore, it is particularly important to create opportunities for cooperation for young children.
First of all, teachers should organize children to play some cooperative games purposefully and in a planned way, such as completing a painting together or working in groups of two or several people to create opportunities for children's cooperation. In this way, children can't just play alone in activities, but need two or more people to cooperate to complete a task, and everyone's thoughts and opinions are dispelled. At this time, the process of negotiation between two or more people provides children with opportunities for exercise. In order to make children have a good spirit of cooperation in regional activities, I also put forward some cooperation requirements. In the book corner, I asked my children not to compete for books, to love books, and to be willing to talk to their peers about what they saw in books. Doll families require children to choose their partners freely, learn to assign roles, cooperate with each other and play games. Creating opportunities for children to cooperate and guiding them to participate in group games can better cultivate children's sense of cooperation.
? Secondly, the cultivation of children's cooperative spirit runs through all aspects of children, such as: helping little brothers and sisters undress and unbutton their buttons with large and small activities; Please bring your beloved toys to the kindergarten to share with your peers, which can expand the scope of children's cooperation and consolidate their adaptability to different cooperative environments. Through this practice of consulting with others, children's cooperation ability has been greatly strengthened, and they have experienced various problems in cooperation with others. In this way, children's cooperation ability will be improved in repeated exercise.
Fourthly, cooperative teaching method.
Today's children are generally "little emperors" and "little princesses" at home because of their good family conditions, and they are often used to doing whatever they want. In the case of cooperation, they may not spontaneously show cooperative behavior, or they may not know how to cooperate. This requires teachers to teach children how to cooperate and guide them how to cooperate. For example, there are four children in the activity and only three toys. What should I do? What if many children compete for a role at the same time? Let's discuss and work together; When encountering contradictions, it is necessary to solve the problem through consultation; In the game, when toys or game materials are not enough, they can be humble to each other and used in turn or together; In the construction game and role game, children must discuss together and cooperate in a friendly way, so that the game can proceed smoothly. When a companion encounters difficulties, he should take the initiative to help him with actions and words; When you encounter difficulties and can't solve them yourself, you can take the initiative to ask your children for help; In art activities, I use group painting to let children learn to negotiate, cooperate and cooperate with each other, so that they can reach an agreement on composition, color and content and cooperate to produce beautiful paintings; In sports activities, I often assign my children some tasks that can only be completed by cooperation, so as to further cultivate their cooperative spirit. Through these specific cooperation scenarios, help children gradually acquire cooperation methods and strategies, and let children learn to cooperate happily in activities.
Fifth, guide the happiness of cooperation.
After children gradually learn to cooperate with small partners, they will feel the pleasure of cooperation in interaction, continue to have the need for cooperation, and have a positive attitude towards cooperation with others. At this time, let the children feel the happy mood of successful cooperation.
First of all, children's cooperative works can be displayed, so that children can experience the fruits of cooperation and have a happy mood. Moreover, when children cooperate, teachers should give affirmation and encouragement in time, praise children who cooperate smoothly, and let children feel the pleasure after successful cooperation, so as to further strengthen the motivation of cooperation and be willing to cooperate more consciously. In addition, for those children who are not cooperative or lack cooperative consciousness, we should give timely guidance and guidance and give different suggestions according to different situations, so as to gradually improve their cooperative consciousness and ability, and more importantly, stimulate their desire to cooperate again.
In short, children's cooperative ability is a kind of moral cultivation, which is very important for children's lifelong development. With the development of society and the increasing benefits brought by knowledge economy, modern society increasingly needs people to have the quality of being good at cooperating with others. In the future society, only those who can cooperate with others can get living space, and only those who are good at cooperation can win development. From this perspective, being good at cooperating with others is a requirement for adults and an essential quality for children's future survival and development. It is necessary to stimulate children's interest in cooperation, create opportunities for children to cooperate, guide children to master cooperation skills, and lay a solid foundation for children's good personality development.
? Sixth, the necessity of developing cooperative education for children.
Cooperation is the behavior of two or more individuals to carry out an activity together to achieve a common goal. It is an important part of children's social behavior and one of the necessary qualities for children as social people.
Daniel Gorman, a professor of psychology at Harvard University in the United States, used the concept of "EQ" for the first time in his book emotional intelligence, arguing that among the factors that play a decisive role in a person's success, IQ accounts for 20% and EQ accounts for 80%. Emotional intelligence includes human motivation, interest, emotion, will, personality and other emotional factors. It is the most important survival ability of an individual, and it is a key quality factor to explore emotional potential and use emotional ability to influence all aspects of life and the future of life. It mainly includes five aspects: self-control, self-cognition, self-motivation, cognition of others and interpersonal skills. These factors play a key role in people's creative activities. For our kindergarten teachers, we pay more attention to the early childhood, that is, the embryonic stage of children's social behavior development, because children's experiences in this period will greatly affect their lives. For example, the follow-up study of children's peer relationship shows that bad peer relationship in the early stage has an important influence on personality development and social adaptation. Children who are rejected by their peers are more likely to have psychological obstacles such as withdrawal, loneliness and depression, as well as behaviors such as dropping out of school, playing truant and even committing crimes in the later stage. Therefore, grasping this critical period and using scientific methods to carry out cooperative education for young children will inevitably lay a good foundation for their social development throughout their lives and for the development of the whole society.
In the process of cultivating children's cooperative spirit, each individual of children should make necessary adjustments and controls on his own behavior, so as to make concessions to those behaviors that are not conducive to cooperation, such as willfulness, competitiveness, stubbornness, etc., so as to achieve the purpose of coordinating all parties in cooperation and producing good cooperation results. This is the main requirement of cooperative education for children. From the point of view of physical development, children after the age of three have gradually matured their brains, developed their thinking ability and coordinated their movements, and gained the initial ability of independent activities. According to the characteristics of psychological development, after the age of three, with the strengthening of neural connection and the expansion of the second signal system, children's internal inhibition function develops rapidly, and the process of excitement and inhibition is gradually balanced, so that children's neural processes are concentrated, various psychological activities are further coordinated, and they can better analyze and synthesize external things and control and adjust their own behaviors. These characteristics of physical and mental development laid the foundation for cooperative education of preschool children. Judging from the characteristics of children's social development in pre-school period, children's self-awareness has developed greatly after the age of three. With the development of self-awareness, children's emotional needs to communicate with others are constantly developing, and social emotions will become more and more rich and profound, and they will gradually become dissatisfied with themselves. At the same time, the content and scope of children's social interaction after the age of three are also expanding day by day, and there has been a preliminary social cooperation behavior. At this time, if children consciously notice this, they can improve their communication skills and experience the fun of cooperation, so that their cooperative behavior can be better developed.
Seven, independent cooperation, full of interest
Motivation is the driving force of all learning and the subjective factor to promote children's autonomous learning activities. Therefore, inducing children's desire to explore and improving their interest in exploring problems are the basis for children to actively participate in learning. In daily life, we should encourage children to communicate with their peers and provide them with free time and opportunities as much as possible. We only participate as guides, supporters and collaborators to encourage children to communicate with their peers boldly and actively. When I was a freshman and a small class, I found that the problem of competing for toys was very serious. Always complaining to me "teacher, he robbed my toys" and "I don't have any of his toys". After listening to this, I guided them to solve their own problems. "Why do you take so many toys?" He replied, "I want to build a big house." "Then you and your partner can build a bigger house together, right? So they will discuss how to distribute toys to complete a great masterpiece, and I will say "you are great" to them. Sometimes, children wrestle over something. I will separate them first, let them tell the reason why they fight, and let them realize that fighting is a bad behavior. There is a better way to solve contradictions than fighting, so that they can communicate with each other. After a while, they will play together again. After a period of time, children encounter problems, the phenomenon of quarreling and complaining is greatly reduced, and they will take the initiative to negotiate and communicate. We should not be afraid that children can't cooperate with their peers, or that children will be hurt or bullied while playing with their peers, thus limiting their freedom. On the contrary, we should encourage children to learn to solve contradictions in their own way, so that both sides can reach a consensus, and we should give them full freedom. Teachers can lead children to discuss: "What do you like when you are with others? "? What do you do to make people dislike? According to the children's answers, the teacher summed up the content in order to teach the children communication skills.
VIII. Cooperation and exchange
For example, children like to play the game of "fishing in the net", which requires every child to have a good cooperative spirit. Because children like to play with small fish, but they don't want to draw circles to make nets, so I will let them change places and try how to play when others don't cooperate. Let children know through fact education that the smooth progress of the game can not be separated from everyone's cooperation. In addition, teachers should consciously create opportunities for children to cooperate, and cultivate children's cooperative ability in all aspects of their lives, such as folding quilts together, moving chairs and packing toys. Furthermore, it can break the class boundaries and create opportunities for cooperation with children of different ages, such as large-scale activities and small-scale activities, which can expand the scope of children's cooperation and consolidate their adaptability to different cooperative environments. Through this practice of consulting with others, children's cooperation ability has been greatly strengthened, and they have experienced various problems in cooperation with others. In this way, children's cooperation ability will be improved in repeated exercise. Students learn to cooperate and are interested in cooperation. At this time, group cooperative learning can be used in classroom teaching to cultivate students' inclusive personality. Accommodating personality shows that students have an inclusive attitude, have no prejudice against people and things, are tolerant and generous, can accept everything about themselves, face up to their shortcomings, accept other people's opinions and respect their achievements, which are necessary conditions in innovative activities.
Nine, guide children to learn some necessary cooperation skills.
? First, learn to communicate in language. Every day in class, students on duty will be invited to tell stories and sing children's songs, so that each child can express himself boldly in front of the group, and also cultivate the habit of listening to children and let them learn to appreciate and respect others. This kind of communication can make them express their views clearly and cooperate better. Nowadays, when the only child encounters difficulties or conflicts with his peers, most of them cry or fight to solve the problem. In this way, teachers are afraid that the conflict between children and their peers will lead to safety accidents, so they use many rules to restrain children and reduce the opportunities for children to communicate with their peers. Therefore, letting children learn to communicate in language can not only help them communicate and cooperate with others better, but also enrich and develop their language ability.
Secondly, we should guide children to learn to share and solve contradictions by themselves. Every Friday, I will invite my children to bring their toys to the park, play with their companions, exchange and play, let them solve their own problems and let their children experience the joy of sharing. In addition, I often guide my children to participate in team activities and experience the fun of cooperation. In a sports activity, children should cooperate in pairs, wear an adult's clothes and carry things together to see which group carries more and faster. During the activity, some children only cared about their own speed and fell down. I asked other children to talk about why they fell down, "bad cooperation" and "inconsistent speed" ... After the activity, let everyone talk about the experience of the activity and realize the importance of cooperation.
X. create an atmosphere of cooperation in the environment.
The environment can beautify and decorate children's living space, and more importantly, it can play an educational role. The subtle influence on the formation of young children. We have opened up activity corner areas such as music area, performance area, small hospital, library area, etc. for children, and timely changed the materials in the corner areas to fully provide opportunities for children to exchange and cooperate. For example, in the music area, you can choose a lively "music and dance" scene: small animals beat drums and gongs for children; The children sang and danced with rhythmic music, and the cooperation was very pleasant! Such an environment has a profound influence on children. They negotiate with each other, some as young musicians, some as young dancers and some as singers. In the joyful atmosphere with accompaniment and singing and dancing, they combined cooperative eyes and behaviors, further enhancing the children's awareness of mutual cooperation.
Keep in touch with parents, they are the best teachers.
Nowadays, children are usually brought up by grandparents. The older generation generally loves children, and their demands must be met. Children who get along with them for a long time will naturally become selfish and willful. Moreover, young parents seldom ask their children too many questions because of their busy work. As long as their children need it, they will try their best to meet it. In this family, children are the center and everything must be obeyed. When children enter kindergarten, they suddenly change to a new environment, and many children can't adapt. There are also the problems just mentioned above. How to teach children the ability to get along with others, parents' educational concepts and cultural literacy will directly affect their future development. We can carry out some activities such as cooperation, sharing and competition. Parents can consciously participate in the process of organization, guidance and analysis, enhance the consciousness of "I am also an educator", understand the requirements of children's all-round development with initiative, independence and creativity as the core of today's early childhood education, and at the same time realize the importance of family cooperation and obtain effective methods to educate children. In the activities, teachers can find out the children's personality performance in the society, and get family education information from parents' communication, so as to carry out individual guidance work in a targeted manner. In the fierce competition of real life, only those who can cooperate with others can get living space; Only those who are good at cooperation can win development. Our children today will be the young masters of the future. They must learn to understand each other, communicate with each other and coexist peacefully, so as to learn to compete in cooperation and cooperate in competition. Not only that, but also learn to enhance friendship and mutual understanding with uncooperative partners in cooperation. In short, children's cooperative ability is a kind of moral cultivation, which is very important for children's lifelong development. Therefore, it is an important task for our kindergarten teachers to cultivate children's cooperative spirit.