Chapter 1: Psychological characteristics and educational points of children aged 3-6.
(A) 3-year-old children's psychological characteristics
When the child is 3 years old, he has experienced the first golden period of his life. His language foundation has been laid, his way of thinking has been initially formed, and his behavior habits have been initially possessed. It can be said that it has become the first developmental period of life. As the saying goes: a three-year-old soul is only a hundred years old; Another way is: look at three years old and look at ten years old. In other words, children around the age of three basically have a certain development foundation, and we can see the starting point and development direction of their life trajectory. Child psychology research shows that children have the following distinctive psychological characteristics when they are 3 years old:
1, curious
3-year-old children have a strong interest in new things and new problems, and have the characteristics of "asking to the end". They can treat what adults teach them with a positive attitude and have the desire to try to do things independently. For example, ask some simple, novel and profound questions, such as why the sun rises and sets in the west, why the snow is white and why the apples are round. When children get a new box of spelling toys, they will try to play with them and spell them. At the same time, they also want adults to watch him insert them. They have a strong desire to express themselves. This desire for expression implies the expectation of adult supervision, curiosity and fragility, simplicity and persistence, but this curiosity, simplicity, fragility and persistence also implies incredible creativity.
2. Outstanding group psychology
The sociality of 3-year-old children has developed to a certain extent, and they are eager to mingle with all kinds of people and have friendly exchanges with them. The social communication relationship of 3-year-old children is not limited to the relationship between mother and relatives, but extends to the communication with others, especially the willingness to communicate with peers. They are happy to be with their children, play house with them, play cards, clap their hands and bend over to play games. They are children at home and adults in front of them.
Care about other people's affairs and often come back to tell mom or other adults about things between children. Nowadays, the only child is quite common, and it seems lonely without brothers and sisters as partners at home. Children need to go to kindergarten, in addition to family life, but also live a certain group life. Kindergarten life has brought children into a new world and expanded their life circle. Let children make friends, learn to communicate and get along, increase understanding and develop their abilities. Therefore, it will be better for 3-year-old children if they can receive a good education at home and kindergarten.
3. Unconscious imitation psychology
The imitation activities of 3-year-old children are very prominent, and most of them imitate some specific explicit activities or actions. For example, at home, they like to imitate the activities and actions of adults, pretend to make a phone call, read the phone book in an orderly way, and answer the phone in an adult tone; Learn to wrap jiaozi and roll dough; Imitate reading, reading newspapers, writing and drawing; Boys imitate adults to pee standing up, regardless of whether their pants are wet or not. Another example is language imitation. Say "thank you" when you accept one thing, use "hate" when you are dissatisfied, and order others "What shouldn't you do?" In short, they seem to feel that they have grown up and have the ability, so what adults do and what others do will arouse his freshness, and he also wants to try and imitate. Therefore, the imitation power of 3-year-old children should not be underestimated. They learn by imitation, which is also the main way for children of this age-they try to learn from experience through a lot of imitation. Therefore, we should pay special attention to setting a good example of imitation. Adults around children, whether speaking, tone, behavior, hobbies, posture, habits, emotions, are all imitated by children. For example, parents' dietary preferences will directly affect their children invisibly, and mothers' moods will also affect their children's emotional abnormalities and they will not listen to advice. If you are good at using imitation at this age, you can consolidate all kinds of good behavior habits through imitation learning. Therefore, adults should behave themselves. Some behaviors that don't mind are often imitated by children, forming various bad behaviors and habits.
4. Severe emotional control.
Children's psychological activities are greatly influenced by emotions, because they can't control their behavior with reason, and their behavior is dominated by emotions and more unintentional. For example, some things or activities that children are interested in will stimulate their positive emotions, while some things or activities that children are not interested in will stimulate their negative emotions. 3-year-old children sometimes cry, which is a manifestation of mood swings. For example, after eating a sorbet, his mother still wants to buy it. If he doesn't buy, he will stand by and cry, and he will never leave. Seeing a person who is not funny, the children laughed their heads off, embarrassing the adults, but they couldn't stop.
At the same time, 3-year-olds have a strong sense of attachment. The so-called attachment refers to the attachment of children to their relatives who often live with them and often take care of them. Like attachment to mom, dad or grandparents at home, it will be obvious when you enter kindergarten at the age of 3. They know that they are going to kindergarten, but they are emotionally reluctant to leave their attached relatives. It is manifested in crying, holding hands, and not letting relatives leave. This attachment is very nerve-racking for parents. We believe that attachment is natural and a normal expression of emotional development of 3-year-old children. We shouldn't blame or cut it off. Through the joint efforts of parents and kindergartens, from the perspective of caring for children, we can slowly overcome the anxiety of separation from our loved ones. In addition, some children always follow a teacher when they first enter the park, and the teacher always leads him wherever they go. These manifestations are caused by children's shyness and attachment to fear of leaving their loved ones. For example, caring for the teacher and satisfying the teacher can gradually eliminate his anxiety, attract children's attention with the fun of participating in group activities, make children forget loneliness, devote themselves to the new environment and life, and turn negative emotions into positive ones.
(b) Effective education for three-year-olds
1, developing children's cognitive ability in games
Parents can make a game of what their children know and let them know things naturally in the process of playing. For example, the objects familiar to children in old picture books, such as TV, clocks, cars, animals, houses and so on.
Cut the children open, cut them in half, and play jigsaw puzzles with them, so that they can say their names. If you play sentence games, the mother asks rhythmically like singing, and let the children answer: What is heat? What is cold? What is a flying thing? What sweet? What can I eat? What can't be eaten? Each question can have several answers, say a few words at a time, and let the children experience the question. This kind of exercise makes children pay more attention to the things and phenomena around them and understand the relationship between people, people and nature, people and society. For example, to practice memory retrieval games, you can put oranges, spoons, small cups, cars, books and other items on the table, cover them with a piece of cloth, and let the children listen to the adults say "small cups, books", then lift the lid and let the children take out the items they just heard by hand. This game is to practice children's auditory memory and help consolidate children's understanding of things.
2. Cultivate children's interpersonal skills.
In a safe situation, children should be exposed to more people, including adults and children of different ages, so that children can understand the relationship with various people, know how to address different people, and know how to communicate with people in various environments and occasions. If there are guests at home, greet them politely and answer questions. Parents should not disturb them when talking to them. When visiting other people's homes, greet them and don't rummage through their things before they can play with their toys. People should say thank you when giving things, get along well with neighbors or kindergarten children, take care of their younger brothers and sisters, and don't monopolize toys; When taking the bus, people ask them to sit down and say thank you, accidentally meet others and say sorry, and teach children to address people correctly at any time; In the family, we should create some conditions for children to have the opportunity to play with their partners, allow children to find one or two children to play at home or let them play at their neighbors' homes, and cultivate their independent communication skills. Only in direct contact can children experience their relationship with others, constantly adapt to each other in contact activities, care for each other, and gradually learn to live in harmony.
3. Cultivate children's self-care ability and good habits.
The 3-year-old child has mastered the basic movements of the body and hands, and can master all kinds of big movements and some fine movements, so it is necessary to cultivate the practice of self-care ability at this time. The significance of cultivating children's self-care ability is not limited to the formation of ability, but also lies in developing independent personality. 3-year-old children's living ability is to eat independently with spoons, drink water from cups, rinse their mouths, wash their hands, swallow pills with water, tie big buttons, cover themselves with quilts, urinate and defecate, and wipe their noses with handkerchiefs. In daily life, children can learn independently with the help of adults. It is important for children to practice. Don't be afraid that children can't do well at first, don't be afraid to spend too much time, be patient and let children learn in the process of doing it independently. Parents can only cultivate children's clumsiness by arranging for them. We should also make use of children's imitation characteristics and encourage them to imitate adult life. In addition to practicing in daily life, games can also be used as auxiliary exercises. For example, fastening exercises can make children take off their clothes, or practice unfastening and fastening with their mother's clothes. Dress and undress the doll, feed the doll with an empty spoon and so on.
Pay attention to the cultivation of good habits when cultivating life ability. For example, to practice eating ability, it is required to form a good habit of not scattering rice, soup, toys, books and feature films when eating. Another example is to urinate before going to bed, take off your clothes and put them on the chair, sleep without covering your head, and sleep without taking anything in your hand.
4. Correctly treat children's "rebellious behavior"
Three-year-old children can act according to the requirements of adults, but they don't do what adults say, and they always want to find opportunities to show their independent performance ability. Therefore, children should take independent actions whenever there is an opportunity. Children don't know what is dangerous and what is impossible. Generally speaking, under the supervision of adults, three-year-old children are not allowed to take these independent actions. Children's wishes and opportunities to express themselves are restricted in advance or forcibly prevented at that time, so that children will show emotional irritability or intentional resistance. For example, if you love to say "no" or don't let your hand touch you, adults will say "disobedience", which is really wrong for children. Children's "resistance" will last until the age of 4, always wanting what they have already got.
Chapter 2: Psychological characteristics and educational points of children aged 3-6.
(A) 3-year-old children's psychological characteristics
When the child is 3 years old, he has experienced the first golden period of his life. His language foundation has been laid, his way of thinking has been initially formed, and his behavior habits have been initially possessed. It can be said that it has become the first developmental period of life. As the saying goes: a three-year-old soul is only a hundred years old; Another way is: look at three years old and look at ten years old. In other words, children around the age of three basically have a certain development foundation, and we can see the starting point and development direction of their life trajectory. Child psychology research shows that children have the following distinctive psychological characteristics when they are 3 years old:
1, curious
3-year-old children have a strong interest in new things and new problems, and have the characteristics of "asking to the end". They can treat what adults teach them with a positive attitude and have the desire to try to do things independently. For example, ask some simple, novel and profound questions, such as why the sun rises and sets in the west, why the snow is white and why the apples are round. When children get a new box of spelling toys, they will try to play with them and spell them. At the same time, they also want adults to watch him insert them. They have a strong desire to express themselves. This desire for expression implies the expectation of adult supervision, curiosity and fragility, simplicity and persistence, but this curiosity, simplicity, fragility and persistence also implies incredible creativity.
2. Outstanding group psychology
The sociality of 3-year-old children has developed to a certain extent, and they are eager to mingle with all kinds of people and have friendly exchanges with them. The "social communication relationship" of 3-year-old children is no longer limited to the relationship between mother and relatives, but extends to the communication with others, especially the willingness to communicate with peers. They are happy to be with their children, play house with them, play cards, clap their hands and bend over to play games. They are children at home and adults in front of them.
Care about other people's affairs and often come back to tell mom or other adults about things between children. Nowadays, the only child is quite common, and it seems lonely without brothers and sisters as partners at home. Children need to go to kindergarten, in addition to family life, but also live a certain group life. Kindergarten life has brought children into a new world and expanded their life circle. Let children make friends, learn to communicate and get along, increase understanding and develop their abilities. Therefore, it will be better for 3-year-old children if they can receive a good education at home and kindergarten.
3. Unconscious imitation psychology
The imitation activities of 3-year-old children are very prominent, and most of them imitate some specific explicit activities or actions. For example, at home, they like to imitate the activities and actions of adults, pretend to make a phone call, read the phone book in an orderly way, and answer the phone in an adult tone; Learn to wrap jiaozi and roll dough; Imitate reading, reading newspapers, writing and drawing; Boys imitate adults to pee standing up, regardless of whether their pants are wet or not. Another example is language imitation. Say "thank you" when you accept one thing, use "hate" when you are dissatisfied, and order others "What shouldn't you do?" In short, they seem to feel that they have grown up and have the ability, so what adults do and what others do will arouse his freshness, and he also wants to try and imitate. Therefore, the imitation power of 3-year-old children should not be underestimated. They learn by imitation, which is also the main way for children of this age-they try to learn from experience through a lot of imitation. Therefore, we should pay special attention to setting a good example of imitation. Adults around children, whether speaking, tone, behavior, hobbies, posture, habits, emotions, are all imitated by children. For example, parents' dietary preferences will directly affect their children invisibly, and mothers' moods will also affect their children's emotional abnormalities and they will not listen to advice. If you are good at using imitation at this age, you can consolidate all kinds of good behavior habits through imitation learning. Therefore, adults should behave themselves. Some behaviors that don't mind are often imitated by children, forming various bad behaviors and habits.
4. Severe emotional control.
Children's psychological activities are greatly influenced by emotions, because they can't control their behavior with reason, and their behavior is dominated by emotions and more unintentional. For example, some things or activities that children are interested in will stimulate their positive emotions, while some things or activities that children are not interested in will stimulate their negative emotions. 3-year-old children sometimes cry, which is a manifestation of mood swings. For example, after eating a sorbet, his mother still wants to buy it. If he doesn't buy, he will stand by and cry, and he will never leave. Seeing a person who is not funny, the children laughed their heads off, embarrassing the adults, but they couldn't stop.
At the same time, 3-year-olds have a strong sense of attachment. The so-called attachment refers to the attachment of children to their relatives who often live with them and often take care of them. Like attachment to mom, dad or grandparents at home, it will be obvious when you enter kindergarten at the age of 3. They know that they are going to kindergarten, but they are emotionally reluctant to leave their attached relatives. It is manifested in crying, holding hands, and not letting relatives leave. This attachment is very nerve-racking for parents. We believe that attachment is natural and a normal expression of emotional development of 3-year-old children. We shouldn't blame or cut it off. Through the joint efforts of parents and kindergartens, from the perspective of caring for children, we can slowly overcome the anxiety of separation from our loved ones. In addition, some children always follow a teacher when they first enter the park, and the teacher always leads him wherever they go. These manifestations are caused by children's shyness and attachment to fear of leaving their loved ones. For example, caring for the teacher and satisfying the teacher can gradually eliminate his anxiety, attract children's attention with the fun of participating in group activities, make children forget loneliness, devote themselves to the new environment and life, and turn negative emotions into positive ones.
(b) Effective education for three-year-olds
1, developing children's cognitive ability in games
Parents can make a game of what their children know and let them know things naturally in the process of playing. For example, the objects familiar to children in old picture books, such as TV, clocks, cars, animals, houses and so on.
Cut the children open, cut them in half, and play jigsaw puzzles with them, so that they can say their names. If you play sentence games, the mother asks rhythmically like singing, and let the children answer: What is heat? What is cold? What is a flying thing? What sweet? What can I eat? What can't be eaten? Each question can have several answers, say a few words at a time, and let the children experience the question. This kind of exercise makes children pay more attention to the things and phenomena around them and understand the relationship between people, people and nature, people and society. For example, to practice memory retrieval games, you can put oranges, spoons, small cups, cars, books and other items on the table, cover them with a piece of cloth, and let the children listen to the adults say "small cups, books", then lift the lid and let the children take out the items they just heard by hand. This game is to practice children's auditory memory and help consolidate children's understanding of things.
2. Cultivate children's interpersonal skills.
In a safe situation, children should be exposed to more people, including adults and children of different ages, so that children can understand the relationship with various people, know how to address different people, and know how to communicate with people in various environments and occasions. If there are guests at home, greet them politely and answer questions. Parents should not disturb them when talking to them. When visiting other people's homes, greet them and don't rummage through their things before they can play with their toys. People should say thank you when giving things, get along well with neighbors or kindergarten children, take care of their younger brothers and sisters, and don't monopolize toys; When taking the bus, people ask them to sit down and say thank you, accidentally meet others and say sorry, and teach children to address people correctly at any time; In the family, we should create some conditions for children to have the opportunity to play with their partners, allow children to find one or two children to play at home or let them play at their neighbors' homes, and cultivate their independent communication skills. Only in direct contact can children experience their relationship with others, constantly adapt to each other in contact activities, care for each other, and gradually learn to live in harmony.
3. Cultivate children's self-care ability and good habits.
The 3-year-old child has mastered the basic movements of the body and hands, and can master all kinds of big movements and some fine movements, so it is necessary to cultivate the practice of self-care ability at this time. The significance of cultivating children's self-care ability is not limited to the formation of ability, but also lies in developing independent personality. The living ability of a 3-year-old child is to eat independently with a spoon, drink water from a cup, rinse your mouth, wash your hands, swallow pills with water, tie big buttons, cover the quilt, unbutton your pants and wipe your nose with a handkerchief. In daily life, children can learn independently with the help of adults. It is important for children to practice. Don't be afraid that children can't do well at first, don't be afraid to spend too much time, be patient and let children learn in the process of doing it independently. Parents can only cultivate children's clumsiness by arranging for them. We should also make use of children's imitation characteristics and encourage them to imitate adult life. In addition to practicing in daily life, games can also be used as auxiliary exercises. For example, fastening exercises can make children take off their clothes, or practice unfastening and fastening with their mother's clothes. Dress and undress the doll, feed the doll with an empty spoon and so on.
Pay attention to the cultivation of good habits when cultivating life ability. For example, to practice eating ability, it is required to form a good habit of not scattering rice, soup, toys, books and feature films when eating; Another example is to urinate before going to bed, take off your clothes and put them on the chair, sleep without covering your head, and sleep without taking anything in your hand.
4. Correctly treat children's "rebellious behavior"
Three-year-old children can act according to the requirements of adults, but they don't do what adults say, and they always want to find opportunities to show their independent performance ability. Therefore, children should take independent actions whenever there is an opportunity. Children don't know what is dangerous and what is impossible. Generally speaking, under the supervision of adults, three-year-old children are not allowed to take these independent actions. Children's wishes and opportunities to express themselves are restricted in advance or forcibly prevented at that time, so that children will show emotional irritability or intentional resistance. For example, if you love to say "no" or don't let your hand touch you, adults will say "disobedience", which is really wrong for children. Children's "resistance" will last until the age of 4, always wanting what they have already got.
Chapter 3: Learning experience of children aged 3-6 in kindergarten.
The Guide to Learning and Development for Children Aged 3-6 describes children's learning and development from five fields: health, language, society, science and art, and each field is divided into several aspects according to the most basic and important content of children's learning and development. Each aspect consists of learning development goals and educational suggestions, which fully embodies the laws of children's physical and mental development and learning characteristics, cherishes the unique value of children's learning and life, and fully respects and protects children's curiosity and interest in learning.
The Guide divides children's learning life and healthy development into five areas: health, language, society, science and art. Each area is divided into several aspects according to the content, and each aspect consists of two parts: learning development goals and educational suggestions. The part of learning and development goals puts forward reasonable expectations for children aged 3-4, 4-5 and 5-6, what they should know, what they can do and what level of development they should achieve.
The overall development goals of the five major areas of children in the Guide are detailed and specific. From this, we can know more clearly what goals children of every age should achieve. Educational suggestions give our front-line teachers some reasonable suggestions from the aspects of environment creation, activity content, children's habit formation, emotional expression and control. This has a great guiding and leading role for us to achieve the above-mentioned learning and development goals, and to carry out education and teaching work in the future, so as to promote children's better development. At the same time, it also provides a reference for our front-line teachers to better understand the general development level of children of all ages.
It is pointed out in the Guide that 3-6 years old is the golden age of children, because this age is a period of rapid development of children's language and a period of cultivating children's language expression ability.
An important period. You can speak freely with others in verbal expression, which can not only help children communicate with others, but also temporarily satisfy some wishes that cannot be realized in reality. Therefore, in our daily teaching, we should cultivate children's oral expression ability by listening to stories and telling stories, enrich children's vocabulary, and let children learn some written languages in a planned way.
In the careful reading of the language field, I found that the general goal of the Guide and the general goal of the Outline have similar keywords, such as speaking, listening and expressing. I think the biggest difference should be goal 3: to have civilized language habits. There is an English proverb: Action forms habit, habit forms character, and character determines fate. This sentence profoundly reveals the great influence of good behavior habits on people's life. The fate of children begins with thoughts and behaviors, but it must be implemented in behavioral habits. Developing good habits is the foundation of a person's independence from society, and it also determines his work efficiency and quality of life to a great extent, thus affecting his success and happiness in his life. Childhood is an important period to cultivate good habits.
Paying attention to the cultivation of various habits during this period is the first solid cornerstone for him to move towards society in the future.
Now with the guidance of the guide, I have made it clear that kindergarten teachers should not only "teach" but also "educate". The guide is to guide teachers how to help children develop, but it cannot be used as a yardstick to measure and hurt children, nor can it become a rope to bind children and themselves. It advocates that we should be a research-oriented teacher, be good at observing young children and be brave in reflecting on ourselves. In my future work, I will conscientiously implement the spirit of the guidelines, strive to improve my professional level, innovate educational ideas, adjust educational ideas, change my attitude, and create a bright future for every child. Because children are the hope of the family and the future of the motherland. We should cultivate our "future stars" and train more such people.
Blinking is not an easy thing. Now with the guidance of the Guide, when we live and study with children, as teachers, we should first understand the laws of children's physical and mental development, bend down from the perspective of children's development, listen to their voices, understand their needs and give them the care they really need. At the same time, we should strive to create courses, environments and regions that meet children's development needs, learn to follow children's interests, provide children with opportunities to operate, let children gain experience in interaction with the environment and materials, guide children to actively learn and explore, and become masters of life, study and games. In my study, I found that everything we talk about is what we do, learn and study in our daily work now. Only by putting everything in place and finishing it seriously and responsibly can we improve our quality and work experience and achieve better teaching results.
Since you choose preschool education, you should love this cause, be enthusiastic and interested in education, and be full of love and responsibility for children. A person's childhood has several times. A child's childhood is short and irreversible. The child's heart is a wonderful fertile ground, and what you plant will be harvested. Don't impose the will of adults on children, so that children can really have a happy childhood. We should have keen insight, care, patience, responsibility and childlike innocence, understand the needs of young children and give them timely support and help. With the guidance of the guide, we have a goal to strive for.
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