From shotgun to muzzle gun, to rifle, to repeating gun, it is really impossible to say who is the first inventor. Although there are outstanding figures in each stage, they all develop through continuous improvement.
■ Firewire gun lit by hand and flint gun lit by flint.
■ Von Dreeser invented a needle gun with bullets loaded from the back.
■ 187 1 year, Mao Se brothers invented the Mao Se rifle with metal shell bullets, and Mao Se anti-tank guns appeared in the early 20th century.
■ The German blacksmith Gott invented the linear rifling gun. /kloc-after the 0 th and 6 th centuries, there appeared a rifle that could make bullets fly in rotation.
Modern automatic rifles and assault rifles have replaced old clumsy rifles, and small-caliber automatic rifles have replaced long-range rifles.
■ Ma Keqin invented heavy machine guns and Madsen light machine guns to replace the early hand machine guns, which quickly changed the course of the war.
■ Universal bullet and gun series suitable for different shooting purposes.
■ 1835, colt invented the famous revolver.
■ G 1 1 rifle developed by the Federal Republic of Germany for firing artillery shells.
■ The Germans first invented the submachine gun for melee assault ■ The famous Mao Se pistol was soon replaced by the automatic pistol with excellent performance, and the automatic pistol will develop intellectually in the future.
When was the first pressure cooker invented in the world? /kloc-at the end of 0/7, a young Frenchman sent his friend to London to study steam engines. His research on steam boilers led him to invent the cooking pressure cooker. The pot he invented is cylindrical with a fastening cover and an automatic safety valve. This safety valve was also invented by Peng Pai. 1679, Peng Pai gave a live performance for the Royal Society and cooked some food with this pot. C Ryan, a great architect, thought this kind of food was delicious and suggested that Peng Pai write a pamphlet to introduce the usage and characteristics of this pot. Piper wrote: "This pot can make the old and hard beef and mutton tender and soft, and also protect the flavor and nutrition of vegetables and meat." But it was not until after World War II that this kind of pot became popular among housewives who needed to consider saving.
Now, pressure cookers have appeared in the kitchens of thousands of families in Qian Qian, but no one thought that this was an invention of a young Frenchman who was "doing nothing" more than 300 years ago.
Who invented the first thermos bottle in the world? Stanley is a legendary brand in America. Its founder William Stanley invented the world's first stainless steel thermos in 19 13. Later, he served in the US Air Force in World War II and began a long history of military service. Until 1949, Stanley's products were widely used in American airlines, railways, shipping companies and large medical institutions, and Stanley became famous for it. After continuous development and enterprising, in 1995, founder William Stanely won 129 patents for technological inventions and was elected to the American Inventors Hall of Fame. At this time, Stanley thermos has become synonymous with global high-quality thermos, and its brand Stanley has also become a symbol of the United States. Whether in the history of nearly 100 years or today, this national brand has been striving to improve people's quality of life. Friends who travel frequently may notice that almost all five-star hotels use Stanley's commercial insulation equipment. Stanley provides the most professional and top-grade insulation materials for Starbucks and other world-renowned enterprises. -19 13, William Stanley took the lead in inventing all-steel vacuum thermos and founded Stanley; -1940, Stanley thermos bottle was used for B 17s fighter in World War II; -1949- 1965, Stanley's commercial products were adopted by airlines, railways, ships and hospitals; -1964, Stanley thermos is used for space exploration, deep-sea exploration and medical transportation; -1995, Mr. William Stanley won 129 patents for technological inventions and was elected to the American Inventors Hall of Fame. -In 2005, Stanley released the outdoor series;
Who invented the first hovercraft in the world? 1953, Englishman C. Cookrell founded the air cushion theory. After a lot of experiments, he built the world's first hovercraft in 1959 and successfully crossed the English Channel. After 1964, the types of hovercraft have increased and their applications have become more and more extensive. At present, it is mostly used as high-speed short-distance passenger ships, transportation boats, ferries and so on. The speed can reach 60 ~ 80 knots.
Hovercraft, also known as "spaceship", is a kind of ship that rises out of the water with the support of air. As soon as this kind of ship appeared, it immediately attracted the attention of shipbuilding industry all over the world. The hovercraft was invented by British engineer Cochrane. From 65438 to 0950, Cochrane, 40, fell in love with shipbuilding. So I quit my old job and started a small shipbuilding company with my wife with all my savings. At this time, Cochrane's mind was thinking about how to build a faster ship. He believes that the reason for the low speed of the ship is the resistance caused by the friction between the bottom of the ship and the water surface. After repeated research, he found that if air is used as the "air cushion" between the ship and the water, it is possible to reduce friction and thus improve the speed of the ship. Cochrane embodied the idea. He put an empty coffee can on an empty cat food can and used a hair dryer as the power to carry out the experiment. As a result, he was very satisfied with the effect of exhaust lifting. Then he made a model boat about 0.5 meters long and did experiments in the river, which succeeded again. Its principle is exactly the same as that of the current practical hovercraft. At this time, Cochrane was ready to sell his inventions to entrepreneurs, but they were all rejected. The reason is interesting. The ship manufacturer thinks it is an airplane rather than a ship. However, hals Paley, the general manager of British R&D company, has a unique view on the importance of hovercraft, which helped Cochrane obtain the patent right. At that time, Cochrane joined NEDC Company and began to formally manufacture hovercraft with a length of 9. 1 m and a width of 7.3 m.. This hovercraft successfully crossed the English Channel and became the first truly sailing hovercraft in the world. It also fully shows the superiority of hovercraft. There are two main forms of hovercraft: full floating and side wall. The largest hovercraft in the world is the SRN4- III hovercraft made in Britain. It is completely floating and is characterized by being propelled by an air propeller (just like the propeller of an airplane). An apron made of nylon rubber cloth is installed around the bottom of the ship, and high-pressure air is ejected from the bottom of the ship, forming an air cushion between the bottom of the ship and the water surface to support the weight of the hull and reduce navigation resistance. Average speed100km, can carry 4 16 passengers and 55 vehicles. The fastest is the American side-wall hovercraft, with a speed of 167 km per hour.
Seek adoption
The first robot invented in the world 19 1 1 year, Elektro, a household robot manufactured by Westinghouse Electric Company, was exhibited at the new york World Expo. This is the first robot in the world.
The evolution of robots:
19 10, the Czechoslovak writer karel capek created the word "robot" in his science fiction according to Robota (Czech, meaning "hard labor") and Robotnik (Polish, meaning "worker").
Elektro, a household robot manufactured by Westinghouse Electric Company, was exhibited at the new york World Expo in 19 1. It is controlled by cables, can walk, can speak 77 words and even smoke, but it is far from really doing housework. But it makes people's yearning for home robots more concrete.
19 12 American science fiction master Asimov put forward the "three laws of robots". Although this is only a creation in science fiction, it later became the default research and development principle in academic circles.
19 13 years, norbert wiener published cybernetics-control and communication science in animals and machines, expounded the common laws of communication and control functions in machines and human nerve and sensory functions, and took the lead in proposing an automated factory with computers as the core.
19 14 George Devol made the world's first programmable robot (the world's first real robot) and registered a patent. This kind of manipulator can do different jobs according to different programs, so it is universal and flexible.
At the Dartmouth conference in 19 15, Marvin Minsky put forward his view on intelligent machines: intelligent machines "can create abstract models of the surrounding environment, and if they encounter problems, they can find solutions from the abstract models". This definition will affect the research direction of intelligent robots in the next 30 years.
1959 de Waal and American inventor Joseph engelberg made the first industrial robot. Subsequently, Unimation Company, the world's first robot manufacturing factory, was established. Because of engelberg's research and promotion of industrial robots, he is also called "the father of industrial robots".
1962, American AMF company produced "VERSTRAN" (meaning universal handling), which became a truly commercialized industrial robot like Unimate produced by Unimation company, and was exported to all countries in the world, which set off a worldwide upsurge of robots and robot research.
The application of 1962-1963 sensor improves the mobility of the robot. People tried to install various sensors on robots, including 196 1 Ernst's tactile sensor, 1962' s pressure sensor used by tomovic and Bonnie on the world's earliest "dexterous hand", 1963' s McCarthy began to add visual sensing system to robots,/kloc-0.
1965, the laboratory of applied physics of Johns Hopkins University developed the beast robot. Beast has been able to correct its position according to the environment through sonar systems, photovoltaic cells and other equipment. Since the mid-1960s, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University and Edinburgh University in the UK have successively set up robot laboratories. The United States has begun to study the second generation of robots with sensors and "feelings" and is moving towards artificial intelligence.
1968 The Stanford Research Institute in the United States announced their successful robot Shakey. It has a visual sensor, which can find and catch building blocks according to human instructions, but the computer that controls it is as big as a room. Shakey can be regarded as the first intelligent robot in the world, which opened the prelude to the research and development of the third generation robot.
1969, Ichiro Kato Laboratory of Waseda University in Japan developed the first robot that walked on two feet. Ichiro Kato has been committed to the research of humanoid robots for a long time and is known as the "father of humanoid robots". Japanese experts have always been good at developing humanoid robots and entertainment robots, and later went further, giving birth to Honda's ASIMO and Sony's QRIO.
1973, the robot T3 of Mielack Dragon Company in Cincinnati, USA was born for the first time with the cooperation of robots and small computers.
1978, Unimation company of the United States launched PUMA, a general industrial robot, which indicated that the industrial robot technology was fully mature. Puma still works in the front line of the factory.
1984, engelberg pushed the robot Helpmate, which can deliver meals, medicines and emails to patients in the hospital. In the same year, he also predicted: "I will let the robot sweep the floor, cook, go out to help me wash the car and check the safety."
From 65438 to 0990, Professor Zhou Haizhong, a famous scholar in China, predicted in his article On Robots that by the middle of 2 1 century, nano-robots would completely change human labor and lifestyle.
1998, Lego Denmark launched the Mind-storms suite, which makes robot manufacturing as simple as building blocks and can be assembled at will, allowing robots to enter the personal world.
From 65438 to 0999, Sony Corporation of Japan launched the dog robot AIBO, which sold out immediately. Since then, entertainment robots have become one of the ways for robots to enter ordinary families.
In 2002, American iRobot Company introduced the vacuum cleaner robot Roomba, which can avoid obstacles, automatically design the travel route, and automatically drive to the charging seat when the power is insufficient. Roomba is the largest and most commercialized home robot in the world. The authorized agent of iRobot Company in Beijing: Beijing Micro Network Zhihong Technology Co., Ltd. ..
In June 2006, Microsoft Corporation launched Microsoft Robotics Studio, and the trend of modularization and platform unification of robots became more and more obvious. Bill Gates predicted that home robots would soon sweep the world.
Who invented the first clock in the world? According to records, Huygens, a Dutch scientist, created the world's first clock timed by the vibration of a pendulum. German Peter Henland made the first watch. The first watch was made by the French emperor Napoleon for Queen Josephine to please his wife.
Mr. Jiao Dayu, an internationally renowned master of watch art, the first world "Jiao's Celestial Flywheel Watch" and the first watchmaker in Asia, formally proposed to the world at the lecture of Asia's largest watch collector held by VACHERONCONSTANTIN in 1994: "China created the history of human watches; The world's first clock with an escapement was made in China. Clocks and watches are great inventions of ancient China. " The oldest timepieces in China are sundials and clepsydra. ... when Zhang Heng, a great scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, created the armillary sphere, he connected the elephant with the leaky kettle with a gear system in order to make the armillary sphere rotate by itself ... This can be said to be the earliest astronomical clock. From the Three Kingdoms to the early Sui Dynasty, although there were works by soldiers and elephants, they did not surpass Zhang Heng's creation. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, astronomer Liang Lingzan invented the world's first giant astronomical clock with an escapement mechanism-"Huntian Bronze Instrument". ... its invention is far ahead of the first mechanical clock invented by western countries in the14th century.
Adopt it
Who invented the first stethoscope in the world? stethoscope
In ancient Greece, doctors put their ears close to the patient's chest to listen to his heart. But this skill was forgotten, and it was not until the Renaissance that it became a routine inspection method again.
Later, one day on 18 16, a young woman came to the clinic in Lei Naike because of heart discomfort. Lei Naike is too shy to put her ear near the plump breasts of female patients. He remembers seeing a child tapping at one end of the wood and another child listening at the other end. Laennec grabbed a stack of paper and rolled it into a tube. Then, he put the paper tube on the chest of the female patient and listened at the other end. To his surprise, he heard a clear heartbeat that he had never heard before.
Lei Naike made a permanent stethoscope with a length of about 23cm and a thickness of 4cm from wood. He described all the sounds he heard in the patient's chest and associated many sounds with various diseases.
The wooden stethoscope was not replaced by a stethoscope made of rubber tube until 1850. 1852 an American doctor named George Kaman added two headphones to the stethoscope. At 1878, someone invented a microphone, which was connected to the chest of a stethoscope to amplify the sound.
Modern stethoscope is mainly composed of copper, rubber tube, spring leaf and listening head.
The listening head is formed by die hot forging, with high tissue density, no Chacon and clearer sound transmission.
At present, there are three types of stethoscopes: single stethoscope, double stethoscope, vertical stethoscope with three stethoscopes and multi-purpose stethoscope. There are many colors.
Generally, it is divided into many types according to different combinations of listening heads.
Flat auscultation head is often used to auscultate high-pitched murmurs.
The large and small dual-function flat-panel listening head is used to detect low-frequency heart sounds, dilated sounds, third sounds, and the first and second heart sounds, and children's heart sounds can already be heard.
Bell-shaped auscultation head is often used to auscultate low-pitched murmurs, which can hear the heartbeat of the baby's abdomen.
Watch stethoscope, often used to auscultate the pulse sound of wrist.
Lenex
18 16 September 13, the French famous doctor Lei Naike rolled a thin notebook into a cylinder, which solved the diagnosis problem that had troubled him for a long time, and then he invented the stethoscope.
The initial medical enlightenment
Lei Naike, whose full name is Henri Theophile Hisint Lei Naike, was born on February 7th, 178 1, which was the golden age of French medicine. When Lei Naike was six years old, his mother died of tuberculosis. His father is a small civil servant. Unable to bear the heavy burden of life, he sent Lei Naike Jr. to his uncle, Dr. Julomou Lei Naike, for foster care.
Gulom is not an ordinary medical practitioner. He studied medicine in Paris earlier, went to Germany for further study, and finally graduated from the historic University of Montpellier. Because of his superb medical skills, he became the dean of the Medical College of Nantes University in just two years. In Nantes at that time, the Gulom family was quite prominent for a while.
As a teenager, Lei Naike liked mechanical engineering very much. However, influenced by his uncle, Lei Naike finally chose unknown medicine as his future career. With the help of his uncle, 14 years old entered the Affiliated Hospital of Nantes University and began to study medicine.
Because Lei Naike was born thin, had the symptoms of hereditary tuberculosis, and he worked too hard during his study, he soon became seriously ill. Although he recovered later, the illness greatly weakened his physical strength and left him in a state of illness all his life. Lei Naike's uncle, Gulom, hoped that he would inherit the mantle in the future, and that he could be in "shine on you is Better than Blue", so he reached an agreement with his father to jointly contribute to sending him to Paris to further improve his medical attainments. When Gulom was traveling in Lei Naike, he told him, "My son, the profession of doctor is like a chain. As long as it is on us, we can't take it off day and night! "
The brilliant course of a medical genius studying in Paris
In mid-April, Lei Naike went to Paris with 600 francs given to him by his father and uncle. After settling down in the Latin quarter of Michaux, regardless of his extremely tired body, he applied to live in the most famous big hospital in Paris at that time-Charity Hospital, which was founded in 1607.
Lei Naike chose this hospital because there was the most famous doctor at that time, Covisat. Covisat was the representative of the golden age of French medicine in19th century, and became Napoleon's physician in 1804. He has countless students with extraordinary intelligence, and many famous people in French medical history are mostly from his family. But later, it was this emaciated young man of Nantes University in Lei Naike who was famous for inventing the stethoscope, who could best show his legacy and the French medical community. When Lei Naike entered the charity hospital, Covisat was only 46 years old, but in the whole French medical field, he seemed to be a noble saint.
In Paris, medical students can become famous as long as they accomplish two things. One is to become a member of the medical education Committee; The second is to enter a clinical school specially set up for special students who have completed three-year medical courses through competitive examinations. Lei Naike successfully won these two awards under the enthusiastic guidance of his mentor Covey Sartre.
The reason why Kovisat especially favors Lei Naike among many talented students is that Lei Naike not only has excellent academic performance, but also has made outstanding achievements in academic research. For example, when he was studying the damaged and scabbed liver of an alcoholic, he found that the liver had a special luster of dark brown, so he used the Greek word Laennec cirrhosis to describe it. Later, the disease was named "Lei Naike cirrhosis". So far, when some doctors mention Lei Naike's name, the first thing that comes to mind is cirrhosis rather than stethoscope.
In the year when Covisat became Napoleon's physician, Lei Naike passed all the strict qualification examinations of the best school at that time, won the highest honor that a French medical student could get, and was elected to the Medical and Health College affiliated to the Royal Medical Association. He is only 23 years old. Paradoxically, Lei Naike, who has made such achievements, can't find a hospital willing to hire him.
The great invention in the history of medicine is in a flash.
18 16, Lei Naike, who stayed in Paris for more than ten years and was not appointed by the * * * hospital, is 35 years old. When he was ready to return to Nantes University to join his uncle's clinic, an unexpected thing not only changed his life, but also changed the history of medicine-Neck Hospital decided to hire him! Ironically, this famous European medical researcher was able to get his long-awaited job not because of his extraordinary ability and great development potential, but only because of his interpersonal relationship. Lei Naike's friend Befi has just been promoted from Deputy Secretary of State to Minister of the Interior, and has the right to decide who will work in Neck Hospital.
In a word, it was in the neck hospital that Lei Naike invented the stethoscope, which made the whole medicine take a big step forward. One of his students, Graville, happened to be there at the critical moment. The day written by the young man from England is September 13.
Graville's record is a bit like unofficial history's: "When Dr. Lei Naike was walking in the Louvre Square in the morning, he saw several children playing the game he used to play when he was a child-one child put his ear to one end of a long piece of wood, and he could clearly hear the password scraped by another child at the other end with a pin. Extremely clever Lei Naike suddenly thought of the illness of one of his female patients ... He immediately took a carriage and went straight to the cervical hospital. He tightly rolled up a notebook and stuck it under the plump left side of the beautiful girl-the diagnosis problem that bothered him for a long time was solved! Thus, the stethoscope was born! "
However, Lei Naike wrote in his memoirs: "In 18 16, I visited a young female patient who had symptoms of heart disease. Because she is obese, it is not helpful to diagnose by hand or touch, and it is not allowed by the customs to diagnose by ear sticking to the chest. I suddenly thought of the game of transmitting sound with wooden poles when I was a teenager. I mean, acoustics points out that sound can be amplified by the propagation of some solids. I suddenly realized that I immediately rolled a paper roll into a cylinder, and the result was not unexpected at all. I heard the sound of heart movement more clearly than ever, because I put it directly on the patient's chest. From that moment on, I thought, this is a good idea. Besides the heart, the sound made by the movement of chest organs should also make us more sure of its characteristics ... "
Obviously, in an instant, a rolled paper tube made clinical medicine take a big step forward.
After Lei Naike personally made the first stethoscope, some people called it "soloist", others called it "medical trumpet", and his uncle suggested naming it "chest apparatus". After careful consideration, Lei Naike finally decided to name it "Stethoscope".
The most precious legacy
18 19, Lei Naike quit his job in Necker Hospital and left Paris in a black horse-drawn caravan. After several twists and turns, Lei Naike returned to his hometown with his wife Jacqueline Yagong on June 1826, and then fell ill.
On August 13, Lei Naike woke up from delirium for the last time. Seeing his wife sitting and watching him, he struggled to sit up, slowly took off his ring, put it on the small table beside the bed, and said intermittently, "If I don't do this, others will take it off for me right away. I don't want them to do such a painful thing. " Two hours later, Lei Naike, a world-famous doctor and inventor of the first diagnostic tool in medical history, died. In his will, there is something like this: "Give my medical books and papers to my nephew Mei Hajdic, as well as my watch and ring;" None of this matters. What is worthy of eternal life is that I left him my first stethoscope, which is the most precious legacy I gave him. "
Who invented the first flashlight in the world? Modern Wen Mingzhen should thank the American inventor Thomas Edison, who made the first white light with commercial value and brought light to mankind. However, Conrad Hubert deserves the same respect. He immigrated from Russia to the United States 0/00 years ago and invented the flashlight.
Hubert came home from work, and a friend proudly showed him a flashing flowerpot. It turned out that he put a battery and a small light bulb in the flowerpot. As soon as the switch was turned on, the light bulb lit up the flowers and looked dazzling. Hubert was fascinated by it, which inspired him. He sometimes walks in the dark at night, one foot high and one foot low, which is very inconvenient. Not long ago, he had to carry a heavy oil lamp to the dark basement to find something. He thought, wouldn't it be practical and convenient if you could use electric lights to carry around? So Hubert put the battery and light bulb in a tube and the first flashlight came out.
I registered electrical engineer "after obtaining a bachelor's degree or a degree evaluated by professional educat