The Dictionary of Special Education puts forward a personalized education plan: "The main contents include (1) the current situation of students' education. (2) Short-term phased goals and year-end goals that students should achieve. (3) Special service facilities provided for students and the extent to which students can participate in general education projects. (4) The scheduled date and time limit for the implementation of this plan. (5) Standards and evaluation methods to measure whether the objectives of this plan are achieved. "The specific methods are as follows: the first step is to write a case analysis to analyze the places that need help or correction; The second step is to formulate personalized teaching plans; The third step is to implement it seriously as planned; The fourth step is to evaluate the improvement.
1, personalized education step by step
1. 1 Collect data
Basic information of 1. 1. 1: including gender, age, family population, parents' education, work, education, living environment, past medical history, onset time, intelligence level, medication, evaluation score, reinforcement, etc.
1. 1.2 pre-observation: Also known as baseline feature, it is a detailed record of individuals who have decided to implement personalized education, especially a detailed and accurate description of autistic children's thinking and cognitive level, emotional behavior, language communication, social interaction, fine sports and big sports, which is also a reference for education to achieve results. In order to make the index relatively stable and correct, it should last at least half a month.
1. 1.3 initial goal: by understanding the basic situation of individuals and observing for half a month, the goal of personalized education plan can be preliminarily drawn up. This goal is only an outline, and its scientificity and practicality need to be improved in later practice.
1. 1.4: It is not enough to educate students individually. The development of students' personality needs a relaxed, harmonious and consistent learning environment and atmosphere, which requires many factors to join the activities of individualized education. In particular, the cooperation of families and the full cooperation of parents have played an irreplaceable role in the good development of students, avoiding the educational blind spot of "5+2=0".
1.2 make a plan
1.2. 1 training objectives: objectives can be divided into long-term objectives and short-term objectives. The long-term goal is the guiding principle of the plan, while the short-term goal is a gradual phased goal based on the classification of long-term goals. The goal must be based on his early observation and should be realistic.
1.2.2 Training programs: Training programs are formulated according to training objectives, mainly focusing on imitation, large-scale sports, fine movements, hand-eye coordination, language and cognition, self-care and socialization. It is necessary to compare each event horizontally and vertically to make the whole training plan more systematic and progressive.
1.2.3 training content: the training content is the concretization and details of the training project, and it is a concrete measure to achieve short-term goals. It should be as detailed as possible, including all the plans to be implemented, and the connection should be appropriate, clear at a glance, and be aware of it.
1.2.4 training time: mainly the start time and the completion time, and the time shall be clearly marked as far as possible when analyzing the phased records.
1.2.5 ability expression: according to the training process and completion, it can be divided into independent completion, oral prompt completion, gesture or expression prompt completion, auxiliary completion, no response (non-cooperation) and so on. , and can be further divided according to the specific situation during training.
1.2.6 interest reflection: mainly divided into active type and social reinforcement type (praise, touching, etc. ), food fortification (fortification) and lack of interest.
1.3 specific operation
Every link of the specific operation is related to the personal completion time, so try to mark the time clearly when making periodic record analysis.
The most effective methods should be adopted according to the training objectives, training contents, abilities and interests, and the application of behavior analysis and structured training methods can penetrate all training links. For example, when training a student's attention, hand-eye coordination and pen-walking ability, we can draw a vertical line (considering that pen-walking is the simplest and easiest to master from top to bottom), then draw a horizontal line, then draw a wavy line (the waves are from gentle to concave, from round to sharp), and finally combine various shapes (basic graphics-combined graphics-irregular graphics, etc.). ), from easy to difficult.
It is particularly noteworthy that the equipment, auxiliary tools (such as pictures, objects, homework papers), scenes, reinforcements, etc. used in coordination with training have a great influence on the training effect and often play a decisive role, which can never be ignored.
1.4 Evaluation improvement
The results of personalized training should be evaluated every other stage. At present, the evaluation methods include natural observation, children's adaptive behavior scale (ADQ), psychological education measurement (PEP), autism behavior scale (ABC) and so on. Evaluation should be based on reality, seek truth from facts, affirm advantages, attach importance to shortcomings, and especially analyze students' new tendencies. Through evaluation, we can fully understand the effectiveness and limitations of the plan for students, make full use of their strengths and make up for their shortcomings; Adjust the inappropriate parts of the plan, such as the requirements are too high or too low, and the training content is too difficult or too easy to continue to implement. Make relevant records immediately during the training (or after the training).
2. Personal training cases
Yu Wei, 9 years old, is a typical autistic child. Through early observation, combined with his characteristics, he was trained in imitation, big movements, fine movements, hand-eye coordination, language and cognition. All aspects of training are not single and independent, but an organic whole, which integrates, influences and restricts each other. Training time: 2002 1 1 early month to1mid-February.
2. 1 imitation
Yu Wei's imitation ability is relatively strong, but his concentration is difficult, which seriously affects his learning ability.
2. 1. 1 Operation imitation: For example, watch a teacher draw a simple car or make a block model, and then follow suit. After the teacher finished speaking, he made a gradual transition to imitation.
2. 1.2 imitation of hand movements: especially the imitation of finger movements. Practice nursery rhymes with fingers recorded before, and cooperate with simple rhythms such as X X and XX to improve understanding and attention.
2. 1.3 imitate pronunciation, focusing on the opening vowel, tone, pronunciation and sentence integrity. Besides teaching him to speak more, it is more important to train him to understand the relationship between language and scenes and grasp this relationship. It is suggested that parents should have instant impromptu training in their daily life.
2.2 Great sports
Yu Wei seems to have nothing unusual in large-scale sports, but he feels more flexible than other children. But in fact, he has some difficulties in controlling muscle tension and flexibly stretching muscles, and he can't grasp the relationship between activities and scenes, which leads to low judgment and appears to be slow to respond. After a period of training in jumping, jumping stairs and running, the effect is very ideal. Due to a lot of physical exertion, the quality of diet and sleep has also improved accordingly.
2.2. 1 limb coordination training: climb the railing on all fours, then stand up and jump over, and repeat. The height of the railing decreases with the expected coordination. Now Yu Wei can climb from a height equal to his body thickness, and both high climbing and low jumping contribute to his physical fitness.
2.2.2 Standing on one leg: The standing time of the left and right legs is gradually prolonged, jumping on one leg and jumping according to the specified line or grid.
2.2.3 Passing training: Before passing the ball, the teacher told him to throw the ball in a certain direction to make him ready to catch the ball, and on this basis, he changed his throwing point to passing and catching the ball. Invisibly introduced the concept of orientation, and now I can distinguish up, down, left, right and front with myself as the center.
2.2.4 Jump obstacle: This training is to train them to listen to instructions, followed by improving their judgment.
2.2.5 Hand strength training: This is mainly to prepare for back reaction. The specific way is for the teacher to pick up Yu Wei's legs with his hands and let him crawl on the smooth ground with his hands instead of his feet, which can promote blood circulation and wrist strength.
2.3 Fine movement
The basic fine movements have been mastered, mainly to increase the movements with both hands in the opposite direction, such as screwing screws.
2.3. 1 Use more fingers to enhance their flexibility. Picking beans and paper-cutting can be in various shapes or colors, and you need to listen to the teacher's instructions, such as "red paper", "triangle paper", "red triangle" and "five beans", which not only exercises his finger flexibility, but also helps to exercise his cognitive ability of color, shape and quantity.
2.3.2 Pen training. From random doodling to touching, drawing, coloring and writing, no matter which step, he is strictly required to hold the pen correctly, concentrate and sit in a standard posture.
2.3.3 Paper folding, paper tearing and paper cutting: It is required to be made into a certain shape, such as folding fan, tearing head and cutting heart. And after the work is completed, ask to help him clean up and truly "finish what he started." The combination of this painting and the previous paintings can stimulate his interest, cultivate him to enjoy the fruits of his work and experience the joy of success.
2.3.4 Reverse hard training: exercise his ability to use both hands at the same time, especially the reverse hand, and collect mineral water bottles to unscrew the bottle cap, pull out the plug, screw the nut and unlock the lock.
2.4 hand-eye coordination
Hand-eye coordination is composed of the ability of small muscles combined with perception. But because it is difficult for him to concentrate, his eyes can't be attached to something, which hinders his study. First of all, we should work hard on visual focusing and visual tracking, and then do more small muscle movements (fine movements). After a certain foundation, hand-eye coordination activities will be widely carried out, and then the scope of activities will be gradually narrowed. Finally, I can independently complete fine hand-eye coordination activities.
2.4. 1 building blocks: You can imagine, listen to instructions or follow the requirements, from imitating building blocks to building your own building blocks. The process of imitation is mainly to let him see, listen and do. In this process, you can review and consolidate what you have learned in other parts, such as concepts such as color, shape, up and down, up and down, left and right. The number of imitations can range from three to dozens. Encourage them to establish their own after reaching this level. At first, I asked to build a house, a bridge, etc. It is very important to make a clear impression of everything in his mind, because autistic children always let some useless things occupy his brain space, and we should help him change this state.
2.4.2 Beaded Beads: According to the specific situation, you can use the more difficult beaded beads according to the teacher's requirements, consolidate your knowledge of color, quantity and graphics, and cultivate your ability to operate according to the drawings.
2.4.3 Puzzle: The given puzzle has better puzzle ability, so it is more difficult on the original basis. Choose some pictures with complex content, low color discrimination, large quantity and similar interface. This kind of training can help him establish the concept of part and whole, train him to grasp the main characteristics of things and train his attention.
2.5 Language and cognition
Autistic children can't sum up some rules from past experience, lack a real understanding of things around them and the behavior of others, and their learning methods are rigid. Through this part of the training to help him understand the surrounding environment, improve the understanding of the surrounding things, language training throughout.
2.5. 1 Follow the two-step instruction: cultivate his cooperative consciousness and action ability, and improve his language understanding ability. In order to receive and complete the one-step instruction well, we focus on training him with simple two-step instructions, such as "Take the little red book to xu teacher" and "Close the doors and windows".
Classification:
2.5.2. 1 For the same and different understandings, pay attention to the diversity of questions, and issue the same instructions in different tones and different expressions.
2.5.2.2 classifies colors according to what he has learned. At first, it was the same item with different colors to avoid visual confusion. After he understood what classification was, he added all kinds of items, and he only needed to distinguish them by color. The advantage of this is to disturb his way of thinking and let him do exactly as required.
2.5.2.3 is classified by shape.
2.5.3 Common directional words such as up and down, front and back, inside and outside, etc. Teach him in combination with the actual situation when doing other training at ordinary times and use it often when giving instructions. If he is asked to jump two steps forward, put the building blocks back; Take the pencil on the table to the teacher, kick the football under the table to the teacher, and so on.
2.5.4 Digital concept training:
Compared with other aspects, the concept of giving a number is obviously poor, and it can count from 1 to about 30, but it will be miscalculated occasionally (less than 20 is better) and will not count backwards. At first, it can start and stop at any number, such as B v. 3-6, and he can count from 3 to 6 (he can't stop himself); Train their ability to feel numbers and associate them with actions, and prepare for the ability to count and take things according to numbers; Train them to count things, master the corresponding relationship between things and numbers, and develop their logarithmic concept (within 10); Training their ability to get things from things can help them understand the relationship between total quantity and quantity and prepare for comparing how much and how big; Read numbers within 20.
2.6 Training effect
After a month of personalized training, he accepted the evaluation of PEP, and his score rose from 47 to 68, reaching the ability of a 4-year-old child. The results show that he has made the fastest progress in the concepts of big sports, hand-eye coordination and number, and can easily pass the customs. It is possible to develop in imitation, cognition and fine movements, which is the focus of the next training; More intensive training is needed in language and communication, otherwise it will regress.
Step 3 knot
The ultimate goal of special education is to make disabled children recover their physical and mental development, develop their potential, master certain scientific and cultural knowledge and skills, learn to survive, learn to communicate, and smoothly integrate into the mainstream through appropriate education. The emergence of personalized education and its widespread recognition and implementation are also based on this. How to make personalized education more conducive to the learning and rehabilitation of autistic children depends on the unremitting efforts of like-minded people!