abstract
1. The law of human physical and mental development; 2. Factors affecting people's physical and mental development.
Write it down in shorthand
I. Overview of human physical and mental development
(a) What is human development?
The individual's physical and mental development refers to the changing process of the individual as a complex whole, from the beginning to the end of life, especially the process in which the individual's physical and mental characteristics change to positive aspects.
People's physical and mental development includes two aspects:
One is the development of physiology.
The second is psychological development.
(B) the development and changes of adolescence
Adolescence refers to the transition period from children to adults. Adolescence is the most critical development stage in a person's life, and it is also the second peak of growth and development after infancy.
(C) the laws of human physical and mental development
1. The order of personal physical and mental development
Meaning of (1) sequence
The development of individual body and mind as a whole has a certain order, so does the process and characteristics of individual body and mind development.
(2) Enlightenment to education
Educating young people must be done step by step, right? "Encourage seedlings"? . Proposed by Vygotsky, a former Soviet psychologist? The nearest development zone? Theory, and what have people summed up in educational practice? Jump up and pick peaches? Experience is worth learning.
2. The stage of individual physical and mental development-sex
The meaning of (1) stage
Individuals of different ages show different overall characteristics and main contradictions of physical and mental development and face different development tasks, which is the stage of physical and mental development.
(2) Enlightenment to education
Can't we choose the requirements, contents and methods of education and teaching? One size fits all? , but also pay attention to the convergence and transition between the stages.
3. The imbalance of individual physical and mental development
The meaning of (1) imbalance
The imbalance of individual physical and mental development is manifested in two aspects: on the one hand, it refers to the development speed of the same aspect of physical and mental development, which is unbalanced at different ages.
On the other hand, the development speed of different aspects of physical and mental development is unbalanced.
(2) Enlightenment to education
The critical period of development refers to the period when the function and ability of a certain aspect of body or psychology are most suitable for formation. Education must adapt to the imbalance of human development and give corresponding education in the critical period of human quality development.
4. Complementarity of personal physical and mental development
The meaning of (1) complementarity
Complementarity reflects the relationship between the components of individual physical and mental development. First, it means that after the function of one aspect of the body is damaged or even missing, it can be partially compensated by the extraordinary development of other aspects. There is also complementarity between psychological function and physiological function.
(2) Enlightenment to education
It is required that education should be combined with students' reality, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and be good at recovering losses.
5. Individual differences in individual physical and mental development
(1) The significance of individual differences
First of all, it explains the difference between men and women. Secondly, individual differences are manifested in all aspects of body and mind. Some are differences in development levels, and some are differences in the expression of psychological characteristics.
(2) Enlightenment to education
What should education do? Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude? .
Second, the factors that affect people's physical and mental development
(A) the motivation of individual physical and mental development
1. internal development theory
Endogenous theory emphasizes that the strength of people's physical and mental development mainly comes from their own internal needs, and the order of physical and mental development is also determined by the physical and mental maturity mechanism.
Representatives and viewpoints:
(1) Mencius, proposed? The beginning of life is naturally good? what's up Theory of good nature? Views.
(2) Freud believed that human sexual instinct is the most basic natural instinct and the fundamental driving force for human development.
3 Wilson, put? Gene replication? It is considered to be the essential force that determines all human behaviors.
(4) gesell put forward? Mature forces say? He believes that mature mechanism plays a decisive role in the development of human beings, and proves his point through the ladder climbing experiment of twins.
(5) Hall, what is his typical conclusion? One or two legacies are worth a ton of education? .
(6) Gordon Eugenics? The representative of.
2. Externalism theory
According to the external theory, human development mainly depends on external forces, such as the stimulation and requirements of the environment, the influence of others and school education.
Representatives and viewpoints:
(1) Dog, think? The beginning of life, inherent defects? .
(2) Locke put forward? It says on the whiteboard? .
3 Watson, think about it? Give me a dozen healthy babies, regardless of the conditions of their ancestors, and I can train them into all kinds of people, from leaders to thieves. .
(4) Skinner: Inheriting Watson's view that human behavior and even complex personality can be shaped, changed, controlled or corrected by external reinforcement or punishment.
(B) factors affecting people's physical and mental development
1. Heritage
The concept of (1) genetic quality
Heredity refers to the physiological and anatomical characteristics inherited from the previous generation, also known as genetic quality.
(2) Genetic significance
① Genetic quality is the material premise of people's physical and mental development, which provides the possibility for individuals' physical and mental development.
② Genetic quality can't determine or determine human development in advance.
③ Genetic quality is plastic.
2. Environment
The concept of (1) environment
Environment generally refers to all external factors that affect the physical and mental development of individuals in life.
(2) the influence of environment on individual development
① Provide various possibilities for individual development, including opportunities, conditions and objects;
(2) Environment has positive and negative effects on individual development;
③ People are not passive when accepting the environment.
3. Personal subjective initiative
Personal subjective initiative is the driving force of human physical and mental development. Individual activity is the decisive factor of individual development.
4. School education
(1) School education plays a leading role in people's physical and mental development. School education plays a very important role in people's physical and mental development for the following three reasons:
First, school education is a purposeful, planned and organized activity to cultivate people.
Second, school education is carried out by specially trained teachers, and the effect is better.
Thirdly, school education can effectively control and coordinate various factors that affect students' development.
(2) The special role of school education in individual development.
First, school education makes social norms on the direction and aspects of personal development according to the basic requirements of society for individuals.
Second, school education has the special function of promoting individual development.
Third, the influence of school education, especially basic education, on individual development has immediate value and delayed value.
Fourth, school education has the function of developing individual special talents and personality.
The above is about sharing the test sites of "Pedagogy" in 2020 teacher qualification certificate middle school. I hope it will help all candidates! More about the skills of preparing for the teacher qualification certificate, preparing for the dry goods, news information and so on. Bian Xiao will continue to update.
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