I. Explanation of Nouns

1. Action research: It is a reflective exploration independently conducted by practitioners in real situations, with the main purpose of solving specific practical problems in work situations, emphasizing the integration of research and activities, so that practitioners can learn, think, try and solve problems from the work process.

2. Educational evaluation: refers to the process of scientifically judging various educational activities, educational processes and educational results by using certain technical methods under the guidance of certain educational values and based on established educational goals.

3. Teaching: it is an activity that respects students' rational thinking ability and free will, regards students as the main body of independent thinking and action, develops individual wisdom potential and cultivates individual morality in the exchange and dialogue with teachers, so that every student can reach his best development level.

4. Course objectives: the specific objectives and intentions to be achieved by the course itself. It stipulates the degree to which students in a certain education stage expect to develop morally, intellectually and physically. It stipulates the basis of course content, teaching objectives and teaching methods.

5. Teacher-student relationship: refers to the mutual relationship between teachers and students in the process of education and teaching, including their status, role and attitude towards each other.

6. School life: Educators carry out purposeful, planned and organized education for the educated according to certain educational policies.

7. Class organization: it is a student collective composed of a certain number of students, and it is a formal small group that the school administrative department carries out management and education functions in a targeted and planned way according to certain tasks and rules and regulations. It is not only the basic organizational unit of teaching activities, but also the collective unit of students' life and activities, and the basic unit of school education management.

8. Intra-individual difference evaluation method: it is an evaluation method to judge the development status of the evaluated object according to its own development level in a certain period.

9. Teacher-student relationship: refers to the relationship between teachers and students in the process of education and teaching, including their status, role and attitude towards each other.

10. Teachers' individual professional development: it is a development process from immaturity to maturity, from professional thinking to professional knowledge, professional ability and professional psychological quality, that is, from a professional novice to an expert teacher or educator teacher.

1 1. Lifelong education: it is the sum of all kinds of education received by a person at all stages of his life, and it is a unified synthesis of different types of education received by a person.

12. Teaching strategy: a series of implementation processes to regulate and control teaching activities in order to achieve teaching objectives and complete teaching tasks on the basis of a clear understanding of teaching activities.

13. Students' moral behavior: refers to the behavior taken by students under the control of certain moral knowledge, which is the key and important symbol of the formation of students' moral quality.

14. internationalization of education: first, education cultivates talents for the international development of society; Second, education itself is open to the outside world and international exchanges are strengthened.

15. Education is a practical activity to promote individual socialization and social individualization under a certain social background.

16. compulsory education: it is a national education that school-age children and adolescents must receive and that families, schools and society must guarantee according to law.

17. aesthetic education: that is, education to cultivate students' correct aesthetic view and develop their ability to feel, appreciate and create beauty.

18. Student development: refers to the process and result of physical and psychological changes under the interaction of heredity, environment, school education and self-contradictory movement.

19. Individual socialization: refers to cultivating individuals into people with certain attitudes, knowledge and skill structures to meet the needs of social development according to the requirements of a certain society.

20. Sustainable development of education: First, the scale, layout, proportion and structure of education should be reasonable. Second, education should emphasize the sustainable development of students and take care of school education with the concept of lifelong education.

2 1. Evaluation of students' moral cognition: it is based on the evaluation of students' moral cognition level, that is, the individual's understanding of moral norms and moral categories and their significance.

22. Informatization of education: First, education cultivates talents to adapt to the information society; Second, education effectively applies information technology to teaching and scientific research.

23. National curriculum: a top-down curriculum developed, implemented and evaluated by the central government.

24. Class management: It is a process in which class teachers and teachers straighten out the conditions of class education and adopt appropriate methods to build a good class collective, thus effectively promoting planned educational behavior.

25. Education for all: First, it is the need of economic development and moral development; Second, comprehensive education is broad, ranging from preschool education to continuing education and lifelong education, including formal education, informal education and indefinite education. Schools should combine rich learning environment. Third, new social responsibilities, sponsors, families and NGOs should implement this policy.

Second, the essay questions

1. Give examples to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of school-based curriculum.

A: (1) is a course written, implemented and evaluated by the teachers in the students' school. 2 points (2) Advantages: School-based curriculum has more local characteristics and can better reflect the characteristics of running a school; School-based curriculum is a continuous and dynamic process of gradual improvement, and teachers can often revise school-based curriculum according to the changes of the situation; Using school-based curriculum can make teachers get job satisfaction and sense of accomplishment; School-based curriculum encourages and absorbs the participation of teachers, students, parents and the public. 4 points (3) Disadvantages: After the curriculum is devolved to teachers and students, it will inevitably expand the differences between schools and aggravate the imbalance of education quality between schools; Some teachers may lack the professional theory and skills to develop school-based curriculum; The consumption of educational resources is obviously higher than the need of implementing national curriculum; In schools with frequent teacher turnover, mobile teachers can't normally participate in the preparation, implementation, evaluation, revision and quality tracking of school-based curriculum, which will inevitably affect the quality and continuity of school-based curriculum. 4 points

2. What do you think teachers' professional competence should include?

Answer: (1) Ability to design teaching, (2) Ability to express, (3) Ability to organize and manage education and teaching, (4) Teaching wit, (5) Reflection, (6) Teaching research and (7) Innovation.

3. Explain and analyze the process of educational action research.

Answer: (1) Select and determine the research topic (2) Analyze the problem (3) Formulate possible strategies to solve the problem (4) Practice and try action strategies (5) Feedback and evaluate the action results (6) Summarize.

4. Illustrate the performance and strategies of misusing narrative behavior with examples.

Answer: Describe the performance of strategy misuse: (1) Too much new knowledge was presented in a short time. (2) The lecture time is too long, which exceeds the time limit that students pay attention to intentionally. (3) The narrative content lacks organization and logic. (4) Narration ignores students' original knowledge base, or assumes students' knowledge preparation. (5) When telling stories, students' psychological tendency to understand knowledge meaningfully is not stimulated. Educational strategy: (1) accurate meaning, appropriate words and moderate speech speed. (2) Teachers can present "advance organizers" to students when telling new contents that students are unfamiliar with, so as to clarify the internal structure of knowledge and the connection between old and new knowledge.

5. Try to describe the theoretical viewpoint of non-directive teaching of American humanistic psychologist Rogers.

Answer: (1) teaching objectives (2) unsupervised teaching process (3) meaningful learning and unsupervised learning (4) quality of teacher-student relationship.

6. On the strategies to achieve the educational goals.

Answer: (1) correctly understand and grasp all-round development; (2) Establish an all-round educational concept; (3) Correctly understand and deal with the relationship between all kinds of education; (4) prevent the actual lack of educational purpose.

7. Analyze the development characteristics of contemporary primary and secondary school students with examples.

Answer: (1) Physiological maturity is advanced; (2) active thinking, but not interested in learning; (3) I have diversified values, high career ideals and pragmatic outlook on life; (4) I have enhanced my self-awareness and certain social skills; (5) I have many psychological problems.

8. On the problems that should be paid attention to in establishing the social value orientation of educational purposes.

A: (1) Guided by the concept of sustainable development; (2) Adaptation and transcendence; (3) utilitarian value and humanistic value; (4) Nationality and cosmopolitanism.

9. How should schools stimulate students' innovative spirit and humanistic spirit in the era of knowledge economy?

Answer: (1) Schools should do the following to stimulate students' innovative spirit: First, correctly understand the relationship between innovation and the purpose of all-round development of education. Second, innovation is people's free activities. Third, correctly understand the dialectical relationship between innovation and conservatism. Fourth, we must grasp the correct orientation of innovation. (2) To stimulate students' humanistic spirit in school education, we should achieve the following goals: 5 points first, cultivate scientific spirit. Second, enhance the sense of social responsibility.

Third, short answer questions

1. Briefly describe the social function of education.

Answer: (1) The function of education to improve population quality and national quality1; (2) The function of education in promoting cultural continuity and development1; (3) The function of education in promoting economic development1; (4) The function of education in promoting political democratization1; (5) Education regulates the relationship between man and nature.

2. Briefly describe the development trend of world education in 2 1 century.

Answer: (1) Education for all (2) Education democratization (3) Education informationization (4) Education sustainable development (5) Education individualization.

3. What are the collective operation methods of the class teacher's construction management class?

Answer (1) Creative design class collective goal1; (2) Reasonably determine the class role position1; (3) Coordinate various relationships inside and outside the class1; (4) Construct an "open, multidimensional and orderly" class activity system1; (5) Create a healthy and upward trend.

4. What are the main aspects of students' anomie behavior?

Answer: (1) Campus violence is shocking. Two points. (2) Adolescent pornography is serious. 1 min. (3) The proportion of juvenile delinquents is the highest, which is 1 minute. (4) The new tendency of underage students to break the law 1 point.

5. Briefly describe the role of education in promoting culture and development.

Answer: (1) The function of cultural transmission and preservation of education (2) the function of activating culture (3) the function of cultural selection of education (4) the function of cultural criticism of education (5) the function of cultural exchange and integration of education (6) the function of cultural renewal and creation of education.

6. On the value orientation of social standard.

Answer: (1) The value orientation of social standard regards meeting social needs as the fundamental value of education. This view holds that society is the foundation of human survival and development, and education is a social activity to cultivate people. The effect of education and training can only be measured by its social function. Without social needs, education cannot meet social needs. Therefore, the purpose of education can only be determined according to the needs of society. 2 points (2) Comte and Durkheim, the main representatives, 1 point (3) The value orientation of social standard attaches importance to the social value of education, emphasizing that the purpose of education is to start from society and meet the needs of society, which has certain rationality. (4) However, overemphasizing people's dependence on society, absolutizing the social purpose of education, and completely separating the relationship between people and society can easily lead to the cultivation of people by education, only to see that people in society simply regard people as social tools instead of social subjects, resulting in serious constraints and repression on the development of human nature.

7. Describe the general law of students' development.

Answer: (1) sequence and stage (2) stability and variability (3) imbalance (4) individual difference (5) integrity.

8. Briefly describe the changing trend of contemporary teaching concepts.

Answer: (1) the change from attaching importance to teachers to students (2) the change from attaching importance to imparting knowledge to cultivating ability (3) the change from attaching importance to teaching methods to learning methods (4) the change from attaching importance to cognition to development (5) the change from attaching importance to results to attaching importance to process (6) the change from attaching importance to inheritance to attaching importance to innovation.

9. Briefly describe the role of education in promoting individual development.

Answer: 1) The function of education to promote individual socialization; (2) The function of education to promote individual individualization.

10. Briefly describe the spiritual essence of China's educational purpose.

Answer: (1) Socialism is the nature of education in China. (2) Make the educated develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically. (3) Pay attention to improving the quality of the whole nation. (4) Training talents at all levels for economic construction and all-round social development and progress.

1 1. Briefly describe the ways of teachers' individual professional development.

Answer: (1) normal education (2) orientation of new teachers (3) on-the-job training (4) self-education.

12. Briefly describe the difference between subject courses and activity courses.

Answer: (1) From the purpose, subject courses mainly convey the essence of national experience created and accumulated by human beings for a long time; Activity courses mainly enable students to gain personal educational experience, including direct experience and direct perception of new information. (2) In terms of arrangement, subject courses emphasize the systematization of subject knowledge logic, while activity courses emphasize the systematization of various meaningful student activities. (3) In terms of teaching methods, subject courses are mainly teacher-led, to understand human race experience; Activity courses mainly focus on students' independent practical communication in order to gain direct experience. (4) In terms of evaluation, the subject curriculum emphasizes summative evaluation and pays attention to examining students' learning achievements; The activity curriculum pays attention to the process evaluation and the study process of students.

13. What role does a successful teacher play in educational activities?

Answer: (1) learners and scholars (2) imparting knowledge (3) cultivating students' minds (4) designers, organizers and managers of teaching activities (5) role models of students (6) friends of students.

14. Briefly describe the strategic application of activity guidance.

Answer (1) Design of student activity plan (2) Provision of basic conditions for student activities (3) Introduction of independent activities (4) Promotion of independent activities (5) Organization of achievement exchange.

15. Analysis of class organization structure.

Answer: (1) formal and informal organization of class (2) role structure of class organization (3) information communication structure of class organization (4) scale of class organization.

16. Briefly describe the trend of modern students's evaluation theory and practice.

Answer: (1) advocate the construction of student evaluation system based on student development; (2) replace quantitative evaluation model with qualitative evaluation model; (3) Emphasize the authenticity and situational nature of evaluation; (4) Encourage students to cooperate in evaluation; (5) Pay attention to the evaluation of thinking process.

17. Briefly describe the basic strategies of good teacher-student relationship.

Answer: (1) Understand and study students; (2) Establish a correct view of students; (3) Love and respect students and treat them fairly; (4) communicate with students actively and be good at communicating with students; (5) Strive to improve self-cultivation and perfect personality.

18. Specific contents of teachers' individual professional development.

Answer: (1) Establishment of professional ideal (2) Expansion of professional knowledge (3) Development of professional ability (4) Formation of professional self.

19. Explain and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of core courses.

A: (1) The main advantages of the core course include: 3 points. First of all, it emphasizes the unity and practicability of the content and its applicability to students and society. Second, the content of the course mainly comes from the surrounding social life and the emerging problems of human beings. Students actively participate in learning and have strong internal motivation. Third, understand and transform society in a positive way. (2) The main defect of the core course: 2 points. First, the scope and order of the course are not clearly defined, and the learning content may be messy, locked or superficial. Second, learning units may be fragmented, and the logicality, systematicness and unity of knowledge will be affected. Third, due to the lack of organized content, the cultural heritage can not be fully reflected, and it may also deviate from parents' expectations of the curriculum and the requirements of colleges and universities for the curriculum.

20. Briefly describe the moral understanding model.

A: The moral understanding model was initiated by MacPhil, a British school moral education expert. This model centers on the cultivation of moral emotion. One of the characteristics of this model is that its theoretical hypothesis is put forward on the basis of extensive investigation of students, and its teaching materials are also taken from the investigation of students. This model assumes that getting along with people is the basic need of human beings, and helping students meet this need is the primary responsibility of education. It inspires students' interpersonal relationship and social consciousness with a series of interpersonal relationship and social situation problems, and guides students to learn to care and understand.

2 1. Try to compare the similarities and differences among related courses, comprehensive courses and wide-area courses.

A: ① Related courses are composed of a group of interrelated and coordinated disciplines. When compiling related courses, the teaching order of various disciplines should be coordinated, interrelated and interspersed, which not only keeps the original disciplinary boundaries, but also determines the contact points between disciplines. For example, the mathematics knowledge needed for the teaching of physics and chemistry subjects needs to be taught in mathematics class in advance. ② Comprehensive course, also known as comprehensive course, is a new discipline composed of several related disciplines. Integration goes further than Lenovo, that is, integrating the contents of related disciplines into one discipline. For example, zoology, botany, microbiology and genetics are all integrated into biology. (3) Wide-area courses combine the contents of several adjacent disciplines to form a comprehensive course. For example, in some countries, geography and history are included in the "social studies" curriculum.

22. Analyze the reasons for the decline of American progressivism.

A: "Progressive education" is an educational innovation trend in the United States, which originated at the end of 19 and lasted until the 1950s. Also known as the "progressive education movement". From 65438 to 0944, the progressive education movement in America entered a stage of decline. There are many reasons for the decline of the progressive education movement. First of all, the progressive education movement can't keep up with the constant changes in American society. Secondly, there are many contradictions and limitations in the theory and practice of progressive education, such as overemphasizing children's personal freedom and ignoring the decisive role of society and culture in personal development; Excessive denial of some basic laws of school work leads to the decline of teaching quality. Finally, the attacks of reformism and conservatism hit the key of progressive education to a great extent, thus accelerating its decline.

23. Try to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of participatory observation and research.

A: The so-called participatory observation research means that the researcher directly participates in the groups and activities of the observed objects, and does not expose the true identity of the researcher, and conducts hidden research and observation in the participating activities. Its advantage is that it does not destroy and affect the original structure and internal relations of the observed object, so it can obtain materials about the deeper structure and relations. Its disadvantage is that due to the subjective factors of researchers, improper handling can easily affect the objectivity of observation.

24. In the questionnaire survey, three closed questions are listed and illustrated with examples.

A: Questionnaire survey is a research method to collect information through written questions. The closed questionnaire in the questionnaire survey, also known as structured questionnaire, restricts the answers to questions in advance and only allows you to choose within the scope limited by the questionnaire. There are mainly the following types of closed-ended questions: (1) Whether or not, list the possible answers to the questions in two extreme cases, and choose one of them, "Yes" and "No", "Agree" and "Disagree". For example, it is difficult for others to make me change my mind. ① Yes, ② No, ② Choice: Select the most appropriate answer or answers from various answers and mark them. For example, in the investigation of children's personality characteristics, some objects are always observed, fiddled with and taken apart to play: ① not like this; 2 occasionally; 3 sometimes; 4 often; (2) always like this; ⑵ Judgment: There are multiple answers after each question, and the subjects are required to rank in order of importance, so the answers should be arranged in numerical order. For example, please arrange the TV programs listed from 1 to 4 according to your preference: () animal world () between heaven and earth, jigsaw puzzle () cultural life () children's feature films.

25. Briefly describe Pestalozzi's basic viewpoints of educational psychology.

A: In the history of world education, Pestalozzi was the first educator who clearly put forward the slogan "Educational Psychology". Pestalozzi's so-called educational psychology: first, the purpose of education and the theoretical guidance of education should be based on the natural law of children's natural development. Only by carefully exploring and following the laws of children's psychological activities and psychological development can we achieve the due educational and teaching effects. Second, the psychology of education is the psychology of teaching content, that is, the choice of teaching content suitable for children and the preparation of psychological learning rules must be made. Third, the teaching principles and methods of psychology. To do this, we must first coordinate the teaching process with the students' cognitive process. Fourthly, Pestalozzi believes that children should be their own educators.

Fourth, the analysis questions:

1. Teacher professionalization refers to obtaining teacher qualification certificate.

A: This statement is wrong. Teachers' professionalization means that teachers are regarded as a sustainable career, and they need to expand their professional connotation and improve their professional level through continuous learning and exploration, so as to gradually reach the realm of professional maturity. It can be seen that teacher professionalization is a growing process, and its ultimate goal is to achieve professional maturity, that is, to become a relatively mature education professional. The acquisition of teachers' qualification certificate is only a sign that teachers' professionalism has reached a certain stage, and it cannot be regarded as the ultimate goal of teachers' professionalism.

2. Some teachers think that it is not necessary to grasp the educational purpose, but only the teaching goal.

A: This view is wrong. The purpose of education is the general requirement of the state on what kind of talents to train, which has guiding significance for all educational work and is the general requirement that schools at all levels and types must follow. The formulation of educational system, the determination of educational content and the application of educational teaching methods are all restricted by educational purposes. Teaching goal is the result of the requirements or changes that educators hope the educated to achieve when they complete a certain stage of work in the process of education and teaching, and it is the concretization of educational purpose. Therefore, the formulation of teaching objectives is based on educational objectives, which are achieved through specific teaching objectives. It can be seen that the grasp of teaching objectives is also based on the grasp of educational objectives. Only by grasping the purpose of education can we better grasp the teaching objectives.

3. Piaget and Vygotsky have no different views on knowledge construction.

A: This view is wrong. Piaget believes that knowledge is accomplished through two processes: assimilation and adaptation. "Assimilation" is the integration of external factors into the structure that is forming or has already formed, and "adaptation" is the change of assimilation structure under the influence of assimilation factors. Vygotsky believes that the construction of knowledge is carried out in activities and is the result of constant internalization of various activities and social interactions. Source: Examination University

4. Material: (1) The teacher asked questions for some students in the class (unconscious). (2) Teachers are more likely to pay attention to and encourage some students. (3) The teacher only pays attention to one third or one quarter of the students in the class. Analyze the causes of the problems and what measures should be taken to realize the democratization of the teaching process.

Answer: The reasons for this situation are as follows: ① Unconsciously asking questions to some students in the class, although seemingly equal and democratic, actually this kind of "unconsciousness" ignores the initiative of students themselves and does not combine the initiative of students with that of teachers. Teachers are more likely to pay attention to and encourage some students. On the one hand, it may be that these students can actively cooperate with teachers and participate in the teaching process; On the other hand, it may be that these students perform well in school, and teachers are more likely to pay attention to these students because of the influence of enrollment rate or other factors. (3) Only pay attention to a few people in the class, perhaps because of the one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate, teachers often only pay attention to scores and ignore other aspects in the teaching process. In this case, teachers tend to pay attention to and encourage only a few students with good grades and ignore a large number of students in the teaching process. In the process of teaching, to realize democratization, we should do the following: ① New teachers should change their ideas. First, we should get rid of the influence of one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate and realize that the most important purpose of teaching is to let every student in the class develop. This kind of development can not only be measured by the level of scores and grades, but also by establishing a variety of measurement dimensions. (2) In the teaching process, teachers should fully mobilize the enthusiasm of each student consciously, and don't ignore some students because they don't take the initiative to participate. This is precisely the student group that teachers should pay attention to in the teaching process. ③ Students should also consciously cultivate their sense of participation and actively cooperate with teachers' teaching. Because the teaching process is completed by teachers and classmates, ignoring any subject will have a negative impact on teaching. ④ Strengthen communication and exchange between teachers and students, and strive to democratize the teaching process in a harmonious atmosphere between teachers and students. ⑤ Constantly improve the teaching evaluation mechanism, and constantly feed back the problems in the teaching process to teachers and students, so that teachers and students can jointly realize the democratization of the teaching process.

5. Comparison of similarities and differences between Yan and rural education thoughts. Source of this article: Examination Network

A: In the last century, a large number of educators put forward the educational trend of building rural areas, among which strictness and strictness were the representatives. (1) Through the investigation and analysis of the social and rural conditions in China at that time, we realized that there were many problems in rural areas, but the fundamental problems came down to ignorance, weakness and poverty. In order to solve these four problems, we must implement four major education, namely, literature and art education, life education, health education and civic education. ① In the strict theory of "civilian education and rural construction", "wholeness" and "systematicness" are important ideas. In his view, society is "an organic whole" and "rural reconstruction is a systematic project". When implementing this project, we should "make overall plans" instead of "doing it department by department". On the basis of long-term practical activities, a systematic rural civilian education system with "four educations" and "three models" as the basic content has been formed, which has made the civilian education movement that has arisen since the New Culture Movement develop to a new stage. The so-called "four major educations" are literature education, people's livelihood education, health education and civic education. Literature and art education begins with writing and art education, which enables people to know basic writing, acquire tools of knowledge, promote cultural life, and have a considerable appreciation and understanding of the natural environment and social life. People's livelihood education is the goal of rural economic construction from employment and production, rural economy and rural industry. Health education. The basic meaning of health education has two layers: one is to improve and improve the health level of farmers, and to combine passive treatment with active prevention; The other is to try to establish a health care system suitable for rural needs. Civic education, according to Yan: "The significance of civic education lies in cultivating people's public interests and cooperative spirit, fundamentally cultivating their unity spirit, and improving their moral life and unity life. ② Three forms: first, school-style education, including junior civilian schools, senior civilian schools and mobile livelihood training schools; Second, social education is a form of running a school, which aims at the graduates of civilian schools and organizes continuing education in the form of homecoming; The third is family education, that is, a form of running a school that organizes farmers to receive education in various forms of "family meetings", such as parent-teacher conferences, housewives' conferences, youth conferences, girls' conferences and children's conferences. Yan pointed out that the implementation mode of education is school-style with the main task of educating young people, because young people are the main force in today's national construction; At the same time, we should take care of and educate children, because children are the reserve army for national rejuvenation. In addition to the school spirit, there are also social spirit and family spirit. Its purpose is to make the whole society full of educational environment and avoid the disadvantages of one exposure and ten cold. ⑵ Liang Shuming's theory of rural construction is an important spiritual legacy of China's modernization. On this issue, students can refer to the relevant chapters in the History of Education in China by themselves, but I won't discuss them here because of the information. One thing to remind everyone is not to be so straightforward when dealing with big magnets, but to compare and discuss Yan He's related ideas, mainly focusing on their "different" side)