Froebel is a famous German educator, the founder of kindergarten and the founder of modern preschool education theory. Representative works include Human Education and Kindergarten Pedagogy. Froebel's pre-school education thought is based on religious theology and German classical philosophy, but it is influenced by Pestalozzi in the content and method of kindergarten education.
Froebel first put forward the educational purpose view of the origin of God. He believes that God created man and everything in the universe, and endowed them with the spirituality of God, but this spirituality did not appear at the beginning, but gradually emerged in the development of man. Education can awaken people's inner spiritual essence and make people know themselves. The purpose of education is to awaken people's inner spiritual essence.
Secondly, Froebel believes that education should conform to the natural development of children. Man and humanity are not born complete, but constantly developing. Children begin as "sons of nature" and eventually become "sons of God" through "sons of mankind". Education should conform to nature and follow children's nature. People are born with four instincts: activity instinct, cognitive instinct, artistic instinct and religious instinct. These instincts are good. The evil of human beings is the result of the interference of human natural growth. Education should be tolerant and in line with children's development, not mandatory or mandatory. He opposes meddling, suppressing children and giving them too much help.
Froebel divided people's early development into four periods: infancy, infancy, adolescence and adolescence, among which the first two periods discussed preschool education. The baby is 0-3 years old. Froebel believes that infants aged 0-3 should be educated at home, and adults should establish a good mother-infant relationship with infants and conduct sensory and physical activities training. Children after the age of 3 are the beginning of real education. Because many children's family environment is not ideal, it is necessary to set up a special institution-kindergarten to help family education.
The main contents of kindergarten education in Froebel are natural science and mathematics education, language education, art education and religious education, among which religious education is the core content. Kindergarten education is mainly carried out through games and homework.
Froebel was the first educator in history who recognized the educational value of games and introduced them into the educational process. He believes that children can not only meet their inner needs and impulses through game activities, but also know the unknown world. On the one hand, game activities can develop children's autonomy and creativity, on the other hand, they can cultivate children's sense of responsibility and obligation. So the game is a correct and effective educational method. In order to promote children's play, Froebel designed a series of "gifts" for children. According to Froebel's understanding, "kindness" is a toy that God gives to children. Through the operation of "giving things", children can know the color, quantity, geometric shape, spatial relationship, the relationship between parts and the whole, etc. Homework is the development of kindness, and it is a variety of production activities designed for children. Froebel advocates paper-cutting, stickers, origami, painting, clay sculpture and embroidery in kindergarten to develop children's understanding and imagination and cultivate their artistic interest.
See textbook P47-48 for the answer analysis.
Knowledge points of this topic: modern preschool education thought,