Last semester of senior three: summary of knowledge points of citizen's political life in Unit 1 of Political Life.
Living in a country where people are masters of their own affairs.
1. People's democratic dictatorship (national character or state system)
1. (What is it? China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship. The essence is that the people are masters of the country and the people are masters of the country.
(1) In China, people's democracy is extensive and authentic;
(1) universality: universality of democratic rights and universality of democratic subjects (2) authenticity: the right of people to be masters of their own affairs is guaranteed by system, law and material; With economic development and social progress, the interests of the broad masses of the people are increasingly fully realized, and the state respects and guarantees human rights (note: the right to subsistence and development are the most fundamental and important human rights; The fundamental way to realize human rights is to promote economic development and social progress)
(2) The people's democratic dictatorship has the function of dictatorship: China's people's democratic dictatorship exercises dictatorship over a very small number of enemies.
The state combats sabotage and criminal activities of the enemy, maintains public order and social order, protects the legitimate rights and interests of the state, collectives and citizens from infringement, safeguards people's democracy and defends socialist modernization.
(3) The relationship between democracy and dictatorship in China: ① Difference: Democracy only applies to the people and has a distinct class nature; Dictatorship applies to hostile elements and forces. ② Contact: Complement each other and be the premise of each other. Democracy is the foundation of dictatorship, and dictatorship is the guarantee of democracy.
2. (Why) Why should we adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship?
The Four Cardinal Principles are the foundation of our country and the political cornerstone of our country's survival and development. The people's democratic dictatorship is one of the four cardinal principles.
Adhering to the people's democratic dictatorship is the political guarantee of socialist modernization.
Two. Political rights and obligations: the basis and standard of participation in political life
All our political life is based on exercising political rights and fulfilling political obligations according to law.
1. Political rights and freedoms enjoyed by China citizens:
(1) Right to vote and stand for election
The right to vote and to stand for election are the basic democratic rights of citizens, and the exercise of this right is the basis and symbol of citizens' participation in state and social management.
(2) Political freedom: including freedom of speech, publication, assembly, association, procession and demonstration. People's participation in the political life of the country and full expression of their wishes are an important way for people to exercise their right to be masters of their own affairs and a concrete manifestation of socialist democracy.
(3) Supervision: including the right to criticize, suggest, appeal, report and accuse.
(1) Citizens' exercise of supervision power according to law is conducive to overcoming bureaucracy and unhealthy practices and improving the work of state organs and their staff; (2) it is conducive to safeguarding national interests and the legitimate rights and interests of citizens; (3) It is conducive to arousing citizens' concern about state affairs and making suggestions for socialist modernization.
2. Political obligations of citizens: (1) safeguard national unity and national unity (2) abide by the Constitution and laws (3) safeguard national security, honor and interests (4) perform military service and join militia organizations.
3. Basic principles of China citizens' participation in political life.
(1) Adhere to the principle that all citizens are equal before the law. Meaning: It means that citizens enjoy rights, perform obligations and apply laws equally. ② Requirements: A citizens enjoy rights and fulfill obligations equally; The legitimate rights of any citizen are protected; Any citizen's illegal and criminal acts will be punished by law.
(2) Adhere to the principle of the unity of rights and obligations. ① Relationship: In China, civil rights and obligations are unified and inseparable.
Rights and obligations are corresponding in legal relations, and both rights and obligations are means and ways to realize people's interests. Citizens are both the subject of rights and the subject of obligations of law. The realization of rights requires the performance of obligations, and obligations guarantee the realization of rights.
② Requirements: On the one hand, we should establish a sense of rights and cherish civil rights. On the other hand, we should establish a sense of obligation and consciously fulfill our civic obligations.
(3) Adhere to the principle of combining individual interests with national interests.
① Relationship: In China, the interests of the state and individual citizens are basically the same.
② Requirements: The state respects and protects the legitimate rights and interests of individual citizens. Citizens should combine national interests with personal interests. When personal interests conflict with national interests, personal interests should be subordinated to national interests.
Three. Political life: conscious participation
1. The main contents of the political life of contemporary China people.
① Exercise political rights and fulfill political obligations (basic content) ② Participate in social public management activities.
③ Participate in the construction of socialist democratic politics. ④ Pay attention to China's position and role in the international community.
2. How do middle school students participate in political life?
① The role of political life must be clearly defined; ② It is necessary to learn political knowledge; ③ Practice is very important.
Lesson Two Political Participation of China Citizens
1. democratic election: cast a rational vote.
1. mode:
(1) direct election (can express the wishes of every voter, with high cost) indirect election (with low cost, unable to express the wishes of every voter);
(2) Equal election (fully consider the rationality of the electoral structure and restrict the free choice of voters to a certain extent)
And differential elections (voters have choices and candidates form competition, which easily leads to bribery of voters).
2. Factors affecting the election method: socio-economic system, material living conditions and education level of voters.
The choice of election method must reflect the nature of the country and adapt to the situation of economic development and social progress. China will adopt the combination of direct election and indirect election for a long time.
3. Citizens should cherish their right to vote (meaning);
① The attitude and ability of voters to participate in the election is an important factor affecting the election effect;
Only by exercising the right to vote can we better manage state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs.
(3) Whether to actively participate in elections is an important measure of citizens' sense of participation and responsibility, which reflects citizens' participation ability and political literacy.
4. How to exercise? (1) Constantly improve political literacy and earnestly exercise the right to vote. We should take an active part in the election to enhance our sense of participation and responsibility.
(3) out of public interest, people's interests are paramount; Think rationally and vote carefully.
Two. Democratic decision-making: making the best choice
1. Two different decision-making methods:
(1) indirect decision-making: citizens elect people who represent the people's will through democratic elections to participate, deliberate, supervise and make decisions, which is an important guarantee for making decisions that can reflect the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.
(2) Direct decision-making: ① Social conditions and public opinion reflection system: information is the basis of decision-making, and public opinion is an important information resource for correct decision-making. Broadening the channels for reflecting public opinion is an important prerequisite for scientific decision-making by decision-making organs, which is conducive to scientific and democratic decision-making. (Method: telephone, letter, fax, e-mail, news media)
(2) Expert consultation system: it is conducive to improving the scientificity and feasibility of decision-making (mode: demonstration meeting, forum).
(3) Social publicity system for major issues: citizens have the right to know about decisions involving public interests, which is the premise and basis for citizens to participate in democratic decision-making. Conducive to enhancing the transparency of decision-making and citizen participation (mode: openness)
(4) Social hearing system: Listening to the people is for making decisions and benefiting the people. (mode: hearing)
2. The significance of citizens' participation in democratic decision-making: citizens' participation in democratic decision-making through various channels and ways is an important link to promote democratization and scientific decision-making. For decision makers, it is conducive to fully reflecting public opinion and embodying the democracy of decision-making; It is conducive to widely concentrating the wisdom of the people and enhancing the scientific nature of decision-making.
For citizens, it is conducive to promoting their understanding of decision-making and promoting its implementation; It is conducive to improving citizens' enthusiasm and confidence in participating in public affairs and enhancing citizens' sense of social responsibility.
3. Democratic management: create a happy life together
(A) two important forms of democratic management:
1. Villagers' autonomy in rural areas (1) Meaning: Villagers' committees are grass-roots mass self-governing organizations for villagers' self-management, self-education and self-service.
(Not a state organ, not a grass-roots political organ)
(2) The content of villagers' autonomy: ① Election: direct election; Electing one's own family is the basis of villagers' autonomy and the main way for villagers to participate in democratic management. ② Decision-making: Participate in the decision-making and management of public affairs and public welfare undertakings in the village through villagers' meetings, and the minority is subordinate to the majority. (3) management: to formulate villagers' autonomy regulations or village rules and regulations, standardize behaviors and manage the daily affairs of the village. ④ Supervision: Supervise village cadres and village committees by making village affairs public, democratic appraisal of village cadres, regular reports of village committees, etc., so that villagers' self-government will gradually embark on the track of institutionalization and standardization.
2. Urban residents' autonomy
(1) Meaning: The residents' committee is a grass-roots mass autonomous organization for self-management, self-education and self-service of urban residents.
(Not a state organ, not a grass-roots political organ)
(2) Contents of residents' autonomy: ① Election: members of neighborhood committees are democratically elected by residents; ② Decision-making: All important matters concerning the vital interests of residents should be submitted to the residents' meeting for discussion and decision; ③ Management and supervision: neighborhood committees implement an open system, regularly report their work to the residents' meeting, and accept supervision and questions from residents.
(3) Role: Urban residents' committees play an important role in safeguarding residents' legitimate rights and interests, managing residents' public affairs and public welfare undertakings, mediating residents' disputes, helping to maintain social order, and reflecting residents' opinions, demands and suggestions.
Members of neighborhood committees are elected by residents, community affairs are decided by residents, daily affairs are managed by residents, and all work is supervised by residents, which greatly mobilizes the enthusiasm of residents to participate in community construction and effectively improves their ability to participate in political life.
3. The significance of implementing grass-roots democratic autonomy (grass-roots democratic autonomy system):
① Developing grass-roots democracy and ensuring people to enjoy more and more practical democratic rights is an important content of developing socialist democratic politics in China. (2) Implementing villagers' autonomy and urban residents' autonomy, ensuring the people to directly exercise their democratic rights according to law, and managing grass-roots public affairs and public welfare undertakings are effective ways for the people to be masters of their own affairs. ③ Implementing rural villagers' autonomy and urban residents' autonomy and expanding grass-roots democracy is the most extensive and profound practice of socialist democracy. (4) China is taking it as a basic project to develop socialist democracy.
4. Democratic supervision: guarding public homes
1. Ways and legal ways: ① the system of letters and visits (ways: writing letters, making phone calls, reflecting opinions in person and making criticism and suggestions are effective ways to exercise supervision).
(2) the system of people's congresses contacting the masses (opinions are reflected to the people's congresses, which form bills and upload them to state power organs. Can enable citizens to exercise supervision and participate in democratic supervision to be truly implemented)
(3) Public opinion supervision system (TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, etc.). The public opinion supervision system has high transparency, great power, wide influence and quick timeliness, and plays a unique role in the supervision of state organs and their staff.
(4) Supervision hearing, democratic appraisal meeting, government online appraisal, etc. (new form and new method).
2. Significance: The implementation of democratic supervision is not only conducive to improving the work of the supervised person, but also helps to stimulate citizens' ownership spirit of caring about state affairs and making suggestions for socialist modernization.
3. Requirements: Citizens should exercise their supervisory power responsibly. On the one hand, for the benefit of the country and the people, we should dare to fight against evil forces and make good use of the supervision power stipulated by the Constitution and laws. On the other hand, we should take legal measures, adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts and not interfere in official activities; We should participate in political life in an orderly manner and adhere to the principle of the unity of rights and obligations.
Orderly and disorderly political participation (comprehensive exploration)
(1) Participation in democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision according to law is an important part of citizens' political life.
(2) The difference between orderly political participation and disorderly political participation: ① Whether to participate in democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision in accordance with the Constitution, laws, rules and procedures; Whether to exercise political rights and fulfill political obligations according to law; ③ Whether the relationship between rights and obligations is correctly handled.
(3) Significance: Expanding citizens' political participation in an orderly manner according to law is a new requirement for achieving the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. It determines whether we can really enjoy democratic life, and it is also a test of our political literacy.
3. Requirements for citizens to participate in political life (key points):
① Exercise the right to vote and stand for election, the right to political freedom and the right to supervise according to law, fulfill political obligations such as safeguarding national unity and national unity, observing the Constitution and laws, safeguarding the honor and interests of national security, performing military service and joining militia organizations, and correctly handle the relationship between political rights and obligations.
Adhere to the principle of equality of citizens before the law, the principle of unity of rights and obligations, and the principle of combining personal interests with national interests.
(3) Participate in democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision according to law, which is the embodiment that the people are masters of their own affairs.
④ Participate in political life in an orderly manner according to law. Under the leadership of China, we must abide by the provisions of the Constitution and laws.
Unit 2 the government serves the people
Lesson 3 Our government is the people's government.
I. Government Functions: Management and Service
1. The nature of the government: China's national nature determines that our government is the people's government, the executive organ of the state power organs, and the state administrative organ.
2. The basic function of the government: (1) to protect people's democracy and safeguard the long-term stability of the country. Defend the independence and sovereignty of the country, protect citizens' life safety and various legitimate rights and interests, protect legitimate property from infringement, safeguard people's democracy, and safeguard social security and social order.
(2) Organizing socialist economic construction. ① Macro-control ② Market supervision
(3) Organizing the construction of socialist culture. ① Disseminate Marxist scientific theory and scientific and cultural knowledge ② Develop education, science and technology, culture, health, sports and other undertakings.
(4) Strengthening social construction. The government should speed up the improvement of the basic public service system to ensure that the people have education, income from labor, medical care, old age and housing.
Promoting the construction of ecological civilization The government should adhere to the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment, and create a good production and living environment for the people.
3. The limitation of government functions: The fact that the government performs its basic functions and plays its role effectively does not mean that the government can do everything. China is building a service-oriented government, the fundamental purpose of which is to improve the government's ability and level of serving the economic and social development and the people.
4. The role of the government: The government of China is a government that facilitates the people and benefits the people. The social life of the people is managed by the government; People also enjoy public services provided by the government. Citizens' correct attitude towards the government: understanding? Do you believe it? Support? Beg? Supervision? .
Two. Responsibility of the government: responsible to the people.
1. Our government adheres to the purpose of serving the people and the basic principle of being responsible to the people.
Adhere to the working attitude of serving the people, establish a pragmatic work style, and adhere to the working method of coming from the masses and going to the masses.
2. The government provides citizens with ways to seek help or complain:
Open a hotline; Establish a petition department; Establish an administrative adjudication system (legal approach) according to law.
Our government is supervised by the people.
I. Government power: exercise according to law (administration according to law)
1. Meaning: The power of the government and its staff is endowed by law, and the exercise of administrative power must conform to the Constitution and laws.
2. Why must administration be carried out according to law? ：
Necessity: Fundamentally speaking, it is determined by the nature of the country and the government. Adhering to administration according to law embodies the purpose of serving the people. Government administration according to law is the basic requirement of implementing the general plan of governing the country according to law and improving the level of administrative management, which embodies the principle of being responsible to the people.
Significance: government administration according to law is conducive to safeguarding people's rights and freedoms; It is conducive to strengthening the building of a clean government, ensuring that the government and its staff will not deteriorate and improving the authority of the government; It is conducive to preventing the lack and abuse of administrative power and improving the level of administrative management; It is conducive to driving the whole society to respect, abide by and safeguard the law and promote the construction of socialist democracy and legal system.
3. How to administer according to law?
(1) The government should adhere to the statutory duty, that is, the law cannot be done without authorization, be brave in taking responsibility, resolutely correct inaction and chaos, resolutely overcome lazy politics, and resolutely punish dereliction of duty and dereliction of duty.
(2) The government must exercise its power carefully and adhere to scientific, democratic and legal decision-making.
First, in scientific decision-making, constantly improve the decision-making information and intellectual support system to improve the scientific nature of decision-making;
B, in democratic decision-making, enhance the transparency of decision-making and public participation, so that decision-making can better reflect public opinion and concentrate people's wisdom;
C, in the decision-making according to law, ensure the scientific decision-making system, due process, open process and clear responsibilities.
The government's decision is related to the national economy and people's livelihood. In order to reduce decision-making mistakes, our government is establishing and improving the accountability and error correction system for decision-making, and all practices that harm the interests of the masses must be resolutely prevented and corrected.
Two. Exercise of Power: Need Supervision
(1) Restrict and supervise government power:
1. Why: Necessity: ① Root cause: China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship, and our government is the people's government, and the power of the government is endowed by the people. 2 What is power? A double-edged sword? Making good use of government power can benefit mankind; Once abused, it will breed corruption and cause endless harm.
Significance: the government's acceptance of supervision is a necessary guarantee for adhering to administration according to law and doing a good job.
(1) Only when the government accepts supervision can it better conform to public opinion, gather people's wisdom, gather people's hearts and make correct decisions;
(2) Improve the level of administration and work efficiency, and prevent and reduce work mistakes;
(three) to prevent abuse of power, to prevent corruption such as abuse of power for personal gain, trading power and money, and to ensure integrity;
Only in this way can power be truly used by the people, benefit the people and establish an authoritative government.
2. How to effectively supervise?
① The key to effectively restrict and supervise power is to improve the restriction and supervision system of power operation. This system depends on democracy and the rule of law, both of which are indispensable. To give full play to the restriction and supervision of people's democracy on power, we must effectively protect people's right to know, participate, express and supervise, and let people effectively supervise the operation of government power. It is necessary to strengthen the restriction and supervision of the legal system on power, insist on using the system to manage affairs and people, let power run in the sun, and put power in the cage of the system.
② A perfect administrative supervision system must be established. The administrative supervision system includes external supervision of the administrative system (supervision by state power organs, supervision by China, supervision by CPPCC, supervision by society and citizens, supervision by judicial organs) and internal supervision of the administrative system (supervision by superior government, supervision, auditing and legal departments).
③ Promote the openness of government affairs in an all-round way. The government adheres to the principle of openness as the norm and non-openness as the exception, and promotes the openness of decision-making, implementation, management, services and results.
Comprehensive exploration: where does the authority of the government come from?
1. Government authority refers to the prestige and influence recognized by the people formed by the government in the process of social management and public service. Fundamentally speaking, whether a government has authority is determined by the nature of the country.
2. Whether the government's management and services are recognized and accepted by the people is a sign to distinguish whether the government has authority.
3. To establish the authority of the government, we must do the following: First, the government and its staff should make scientific decisions, administer according to law, use their power prudently, improve social management, optimize public services, consciously accept people's supervision, and maintain a harmonious relationship with the people. Secondly, the government and its staff should perform well. Finally, government workers should pay attention to their conduct, set an example, keep in mind that power is given by the people, insist that power is used by the people, love the people, and benefit the people, and become conscious practitioners of the socialist concept of honor and disgrace.