Shubo (1953) also divided the career development stages into five stages according to his Research on Career Development Mode and bueller's classification results, three of which are similar to Ginsburg's classification, but slightly different in age and content. Schuber has increased his career development in employment and retirement. Details are as follows.

Growth stage: From birth to 14 years old, at this stage, children begin to develop their self-concept, express their needs in various ways, and modify their roles through constant attempts in the real world.

The task of development at this stage is to develop self-image, cultivate a correct attitude towards the work world and understand the meaning of work. This stage includes three periods: first, the fantasy period (from 4 years old to 10 years old), in which "needs" are mainly considered, and role-playing in fantasy is very important; Second, the interest period (1 1 year-old to 12-year-old), with "preference" as the main consideration factor, and preference is the main determinant of personal ambition and activities; Third, the ability period (13- 14): With "ability" as the main consideration, ability gradually plays an important role.

Exploration stage: 15 to 24 years old. At this stage, teenagers explore their self-abilities, roles and occupations through school activities, club leisure activities and odd jobs, so they have greater flexibility in career choice.

The task of this development stage is to gradually concretize, concretize and realize the occupational preference. This stage consists of three periods: first, the exploration period (15 to 17), during which needs, interests, abilities and opportunities are considered, and temporary decisions and attempts are made in fantasy, discussion, schoolwork and work; Second, the transition period (18 years old to 2 1 year old), entering the job market or professional training, paying more attention to reality, striving to realize self-concept and turning general choices into specific ones; Third, experiment and make a little commitment period (22-24 years old). Occupation initially determines the possibility of it becoming a long-term professional life. If it is not suitable, it may go through the above periods to determine the direction.

Establishment stage: from the age of 25 to 44, it is better to determine your "position" in the whole career at this stage because the right person will seek change or do other explorations after the last stage of trying. From 3/kloc-0 to 40, he began to think about how to keep this "position" and fix it.

The task of development at this stage is integration, stability and progress.

This stage can be subdivided into two periods: first, the experimental period-the commitment period (25 to 30 years old), when individuals seek stability, they may not be satisfied because of some changes in their lives or work; The second is the establishment period (3 1 to 44 years old). Individuals are committed to the stability of their work, and most people are in the most creative period because of their deep qualifications and excellent performance.

Maintenance stage: from the age of 45 to 65, individuals want to continue to maintain their work "seat" and will face the challenge of new personnel.

The task of this stage of development is to maintain the existing achievements and status.

Decline stage: Over the age of 65, due to the gradual decline of physical and psychological functions, individuals have to face the reality from active participation to retirement. This stage often focuses on developing new roles and seeking different ways to replace and meet the needs.

Schuber's circular development task

In the above stages of Schuber's career development, each stage has some specific development tasks to complete, and each stage needs to reach a certain level of development or achievement, and whether the development tasks of the previous stage are realized or not is related to the development of the latter stage.

In the research in the following years, Schuber's view on development tasks has taken a step forward. He believes that in the development of human life, each stage is also faced with the problems of growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance and decline, thus forming a cycle of "growth-exploration-establishment-maintenance-decline" (see Table 3-3). ① (① Gold: Livelihood Development and Counseling, (Taiwan Province) Tianma Culture Development Co., Ltd., 1988 March, p. 49.

Table 3-3 Cycle Development Tasks (Schuber, 1984)

For example, freshmen must adapt to the new role and learning environment. After "growth" and "exploration", once he has "established" a relatively fixed adaptation mode and "maintained" his study life in the university, he will begin to face another stage-preparing for job hunting. The original habits that have been adapted will gradually decline, and then the tasks in the new stage will "grow", "explore", "establish", "maintain" and "decline", and so on.

A rainbow picture of a lifetime.

From 1976 to 1979, Schuber conducted a four-year cross-cultural study in Britain, and then he put forward a broader new concept-life-span, life-space career development (198 1). In addition to the original development stage theory, what is more special is that Schuber joined the role theory and described the interaction between career development stages and roles as a comprehensive picture of career development of multiple roles. Schuber named this career development map of life span and life space "Life-Career Rainbow".

(1) Rainbow spanning a lifetime-the width of life

In the rainbow picture of a lifetime, the level represents the width of life that spans a lifetime. The outer layer of the rainbow shows the main development stages of life and roughly estimated age: growth period (about equivalent to childhood), exploration period (about equivalent to adolescence), establishment period (about equivalent to pre-adulthood), maintenance period (about equivalent to middle age) and decline period (about equivalent to old age). In these five main stages of life development, there are still small stages in each stage. Schubert did not emphasize that the age division of each period has considerable flexibility. It should be decided according to the different situations of individuals.

(2) Rainbow running up and down-living space

In the rainbow picture of life, the vertical level represents the living space running up and down, which is composed of a group of positions and roles. Shubo believes that people must play nine main roles in their life, namely: children, students, idlers, citizens, workers, couples, parents, parents and retirees.

Consulting strategy

1, career evaluation

According to Schuber's basic idea, career counseling first needs to understand personal development, and make a comprehensive and positive analysis of personal potential and problems through career evaluation. Schuber's evaluation model:

Pre-understanding: including data collection, preliminary contact and preliminary evaluation.

In-depth exploration: explore the importance of work, the weight and value of various roles, and make in-depth evaluation of career maturity (such as planning, exploration attitude, decision-making skills, professional information and appropriateness), self-concept (such as self-esteem, clarity, harmony, cognitive complexity and practicality), development level of ability and potential, interest range and activities.

Overall evaluation of all data: check and verify all data, and make evaluation and prediction.

Consultation: discuss and modify the evaluation results together, including understanding the individual's self-concept at present and in the next stage, career restructuring, understanding the significance of professional roles, exploring again for maturity, exploring specific scope, exploring in depth for specialization, career preparation, training or work, and seeking ways of self-realization.

Discuss the action plan: combine planning, implementation, follow-up and evaluation, and discuss how to implement it in depth.

As can be seen from the above model, the career development theory particularly emphasizes the need to deeply understand everyone's development situation, especially the information on work concept, career maturity and self-concept, including ability tendency and interest, which can only be used as the basis for counseling and consulting measures after discussion between counselors and individuals.

Consultation measures

Through the above evaluation, the consultant can take the following consultation measures.

For "choosing an uncertain person", we should pay special attention to his emotional reaction, understand all kinds of uncertain cultural, social and physiological factors, and help individuals integrate all aspects of themselves and make appropriate choices.

For "people with insufficient career maturity", we should help individuals understand the personal and social factors related to education and career choice, so that they can understand the relationship between these factors and personal career development, and gradually develop their self-concept of career and occupation with reference to career development tasks.

For "mature people", it is necessary to assist individuals to collect and evaluate information about themselves and the environment, and make some preliminary conclusions so as to make reference for future development or decision-making.

Guided and non-guided modes

Shubo believes that career counseling must involve both personal rationality and emotion, so that we can explore ourselves, make decisions and test reality. In the process of "talking", counselors can give guidance and unsupervised consultation through restatement, reaction, clarification, abstraction, explanation and qualitative methods according to the nature of individual problems.

Guidance is mainly used to collect information in the consultation process, gradually explore the theme and test the reality. Non-directive emphasizes discussing the direction and plan of action with individuals. It is mainly used to help individuals explore problems, describe self-concepts, clarify their feelings of self-acceptance, and break through the test of reality to produce attitudes and emotional feelings.

Consultation method

In the process of counseling, psychological counselors can use the methods of "career autobiography", "choosing diary" and "drawing career rainbow map" to let individuals review some special experiences in their own development process, the influence of important people in their lives, personal attitudes and feelings, and the differences in roles and personal goals played in each stage, and analyze each decision to enhance their understanding of their own development process and guide individuals to actively participate in solving problems and designing their own future. Among them, "painting a rainbow picture of one's career" is a very important activity. Schuber believes that the direction of human behavior is influenced by three time factors: one is to examine the traces of past growth; The other is to examine the current development situation; The third is to look forward to the possible development direction in the future.

These three factors influence each other. The past is the cause of the present, and the present is the foundation of the future. Career counseling is very important for the perspective of future time, and the rainbow map of life provides an optimal perspective tool. In the practical application of rainbow diagram, the tutor can prepare a blank rainbow diagram first, and then guide the students to draw the starting and development tracks of various roles related to their career development. When painting a rainbow, you need to emphasize the following two points:

(1) Lifelong career development includes development stages, living space and lifestyle. Through this rainbow diagram, we can help individuals clearly understand how different roles construct their own unique career types, how different roles appear in different stages of development, and how to arrange the combination of roles reasonably to achieve the best self-realization.

(2) Pay attention to the position and timing of the prominent role of the counseling object. These materials can often provide good clues as the basis for further understanding and consultation. It can help the counseling object to set the next career development task in advance and design how to study the specific implementation steps, so as to give full play to the outstanding role in the future.

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1, advantages

(1) Schuber is a master of career counseling theory, and his career development theory combines the research results of different psychology, developmental psychology, self-psychology and career behavior development direction for a long time. Schuber himself prefers to name his theory "Difference-Development-Society-Phenomenological Psychology". Schuber absorbed the essence of career development in these four academic fields and constructed a complete set of career development theory. Its theoretical viewpoint is an important theoretical basis of career counseling, which guides the specific implementation of career counseling and has been widely supported by career counseling circles in various countries.

(2) In the theory of career counseling at that time, most people were concerned about "career choice", and only a few theoretical workers were interested in career development. For example, Ginsburg is the most prominent one among a few scholars.

(3) Schuber constantly develops and perfects his own theory. In the past, Schuber's theories were mostly limited to his development stage and his professional self-concept theory, which can explain the individual's lifelong career development. It covers a wide range, but it is not deep enough. With the proposal that "life span and career development in life space are rainbow pictures of life and career", it just makes up for the original shortcomings. In practical application, its horizontal development stage, development task (that is, life breadth part) and vertical development professional role (that is, life space part) are intertwined into a specific career development structure, which is of great benefit to promoting individual self-understanding and self-realization in the consultation process.

Step 2 limit

(1) Due to the rapid changes in society, the concept of lifelong learning and the increase of people's life span, the role and tasks of middle-aged and elderly people in career development theory need further study, otherwise the theory will be incomplete.

(2) Career development theory seems to ignore the influence of economic and social factors on career development direction, and the relationship between learning factors and career development process needs further in-depth study.