[Edit this paragraph] Zhang Zhidong's life
Zhang Zhidong was born in Nanpi, Zhili (now Nanpi, Hebei), and/kloc-0 was born in Xingyi Prefecture, Guizhou Province in September, 837 (at that time, his father Zhang Ying was the magistrate of Xingyi). He grew up in Xingyi, Guizhou Province (now Anlong). He has extensive reading, profound knowledge and outstanding literary talent. At the age of eleven, he is the tallest child in Guizhou Province, and his book "Banshan Pavilion" became famous for a while. The full text of this record is engraved in the Banshan Pavilion on the Anlong River in Zhao Di. He published his first book of poetry in Guiyang when he was twelve years old. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), he returned to Nanpi, Zhili, and took part in the rural examination in Shuntian, ranking first. Tongzhi for two years (1863), he was a scholar with Li Duanfen, a native of Guizhou, and later worked as an editor, teacher, waiter, lecturer and cabinet bachelor in imperial academy. At the same time, as an important member of the Qing school, he, together with Zhang Peilun, Bao Ting, Chen, Wu Dacheng, Zhun, Liu Enpu, Wu, Deng Chengxiu, He Jinshou and others, spoke out loudly, corrected the current political situation and attacked Yi? Li Hongzhang and other westernization bureaucrats are called "four remonstrances", "six gentlemen" and "ten friends".
188 1 year (the seventh year of Guangxu), awarded the governor of Shanxi, which was the beginning of his official career. Later, his political attitude changed and he vigorously engaged in westernization activities, becoming the main representative of the later Westernization School. 1in the spring of 884, on the eve of the Sino-French War, he was ordered to act as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. During his tenure, he took the lead in resisting the French, raised his salary, prepared weapons, and used Feng Zicai, a veteran of Guangxi Prefect, to defeat the French army. At the same time, a new official enterprise will be established in Guangdong, and a bullet factory, an iron factory, a gun factory, a coin factory, a weaving layout and a mining bureau will be set up. With new equipment and practice training, Guangdong Land and Water Teachers College was established. 1889, Governor of Huguang. In the next eighteen years, except for the provisional governor of Liangjiang, he was longer than this one. He moved the machines ordered by Guangdong from abroad to Hubei, and established Hubei Railway Bureau, Hubei Gun Factory and Hubei Textile Bureau (including weaving, spinning, reeling and hemp making). And set up Daye iron mine, inland river shipping and telecommunications, and vigorously promote the construction of railways such as Luhan, Yuehan and Chuanhan. 1894 to 1895, when he was in charge of the two rivers, he imitated the German military camp system and trained the Jiangnan self-strengthening army in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and then trained the new army in Hubei on this basis. In order to train westernization talents, we pay special attention to running schools extensively, and set up new schools in Hubei and the Soviet Union, such as military equipment, agriculture, industry, commerce, railways, dialects, general education, normal schools, etc., and sent students to Japan, Britain, France, Germany and other countries for many times to study. In the process of organizing Westernization, a large number of foreign debts were borrowed, which was the first time that the local government of China directly contracted loans from foreign countries.
1 Aug/2004 1894 After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, Zhang Zhidong invited a cavalry team to "deploy in Tianjin" to "help foreign countries". In view of the fact that "the Japanese situation is getting stronger and stronger, it is bound to go deeper", he suggested "be cautious about Tianjin and sell Shengjing". 10 year 10 On October 26th, Li Hongzhang was called and put forward three propositions: "buying warships, borrowing foreign money and strengthening aid". /kloc-at the end of 0/0, after the Japanese army crossed the Yalu River, the Liao Shen was in danger. Zhang Zhidong put forward five things: "Buy clippers, buy arms, borrow foreign money, strengthen aid, and reward and punishment are clear." 165438+1On October 2nd, the Governor of Liangjiang was transferred. 165438+17 October, he pointed out in his telegram to Li Hongzhang that "there must always be a boat in war or peace". 165438+1In late October, the Japanese army besieged Lushun, and Zhang Zhidong called Li Hongzhang and Li Bingheng successively to request first aid in Lushun, but all of them were invalid.
/kloc-at the beginning of 0/895, the Japanese invaded Shandong Peninsula, and Zhang Zhidong sent an urgent telegram to the governor of Shandong, suggesting that Li "instruct local officials to raise more migrant workers, dig more trenches quickly in the starry night, and bury more gunpowder and mines in the main roads" to prevent the Japanese invasion. He also said that he intends to allocate guns and ammunition to support the Shandong defenders. After Ding committed suicide, he suggested that Liu Yongfu stationed in Taiwan be transferred to Shandong to fight against Japan and defend Yantai. After learning that the Qing court cut the Taiwan Province Strait to Japan, Zhang Zhidong called the imperial court on February 28th to express his interests and strongly opposed the cutting of the Taiwan Province Strait. There are two ways to protect Taiwan Province: one is to borrow huge sums of money from Britain, "with Taiwan Province Province as the guarantee", and Britain uses warships to defend Taiwan Province Province; Second, apart from borrowing huge sums of money, "Xu Ying will mine in Taiwan Province Province for 20 or 20 years" will be of great benefit to Britain and will certainly protect Taiwan Province. On March 29, Zhang Zhidong called Tang, on the one hand, to encourage the Japanese empire; On the one hand, it is suggested that Liu Yongfu, a battle-hardened general, should be employed, and at the same time, Liu Yongfu should be called and advised to "patiently complete small tasks, and Qi Xin should work together to establish outstanding achievements". After the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, Zhang Zhidong played in the Qing court on April 26th, and proposed that the method of abolishing the treaty was "only begging for help to strengthen the country". On May 20th, the Qing court ordered Tang "to make a vacancy and come to Beijing to meet him. Taiwan Province province, the size of the civil and military personnel, and tang to cross in succession ". Zhang Zhidong thinks, "At this point, it is for Taiwan Province. Only by relying on the people of Taiwan Province to fight and defend, we will send useless passengers early and avoid spending money. We will prohibit these money from crossing the border to fill the army. " On 24th, Zhang Zhidong learned from Tang's phone call that "the people of Taiwan Province will be established as a democratic country in a few days". On the 27th, he said that Taiwan Province Province "has changed into a democratic country, and will raise equipment and other things in the future, so it is inconvenient to help again, so as not to rock the boat". On June 3, the Japanese army captured Keelung Port. On the 5th, Zhang Zhidong still called Tang, hoping that he would encourage the brave to stick to Taipei House, and encouraged Tang to "lead a large number of pro-soldiers, lead equipment, choose convenient stationing, or fight, or attack, or defend, and respond with cameras to help build momentum." However, Tang failed to live up to the expectations of the people of Taiwan Province and returned to Xiamen by boat on the 7th. In the end, only Liu Yongfu led the soldiers and civilians in Taiwan Province Province to persist in resisting the Japanese invaders. However, Zhang Zhidong repeatedly turned to for help because of "insufficient reimbursement machinery". Although Zhang Zhidong has a soldier's equipment, he dare not help. In June+10/October 19, 65438, Liu Yongfu was defeated and returned to Xiamen.
When Huguang and Liangjiang were governors, Zhang Zhidong was praised by some intellectuals with reform ideas and appointed some of them as aides. During the Reform Movement of 1898, it first appeared as an activity to support reform. 1895 When Jingshi Jiangshe was founded in autumn, it donated 5,000 yuan to help. A few days later, Shanghai Qiangzhi Society was established, promoted to president, and sent Lao Wang to help run the times. At the same time, he also sponsored Hunan Nanshe and Xiangxuehai New Newspaper. However, when the reform movement developed day by day and the old and new struggles intensified, it showed differences with the reformists. The newspaper announced that it had removed the name of the president, interfered with the progressive remarks of the times, and severely criticized Hunan Governor Chen Baozhen and Zhu, who actively supported the reform. 1April, 898, he wrote "Persuading Learning", proposing that "middle school should be the body and western learning should be used", maintaining feudal rules, propagating westernization thoughts, attacking reform thoughts and opposing the political reform movement. 1900 After the Boxer Rebellion broke out, he advocated "cooperation from the inside" and wrote to the Qing court many times, demanding that the Boxer Rebellion be severely suppressed. That summer, Eight-Nation Alliance advanced on Beijing and Tianjin, and the Qing government declared war on foreign countries out of local pride. Under the instigation of Britain, he contacted the governors of southeast provinces such as Liu Kunyi, Governor of Liangjiang, and Li Hongzhang, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and concluded nine articles of the Southeast Mutual Insurance Charter with foreign consuls in Shanghai, stipulating that the Shanghai Concession was jointly "protected" by all countries, and the governors of the provinces were responsible for the public security in the Yangtze River and Suzhou and Hangzhou areas. In August, through the British consul in Hankou, the self-run military organs in the British Concession were uncovered and Tang et al. were killed. Later, in Hubei, Hunan and Anhui, the self-defense uprising launched by the reformists Tang, Gui Lin and Qin Lishan, who were associated with the elderly society in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, was suppressed.
190 1 year, the Qing government announced the implementation of the "new deal", established the supervision department, and appointed Zhang Zhidong as the governor and minister of state of Huguang. Xuan and Liu Kunyi put forward four methods of "promoting learning and cultivating talents" with the theme of "Reform with 30% Reform", adjusting 12 things of Sino-French relations and adopting 11 things of Western France, which are important blueprints of the "New Deal" activities. 1903, in cooperation with the minister of management, the Guimao Academic System was drawn up (i.e. 1903 revised and reissued the Constitution of Playing School), and the modern education system was adopted for the first time in China. After 1905, the bourgeois revolutionary movement rose, which destroyed the revolutionary organizations in the southeast and suppressed the armed uprising led by the revolutionaries, so it was strongly condemned by the public opinion of social progress. 1907 transferred to Beijing, served as minister of military aircraft, served as a bachelor in Tijen Hall, and was also in charge of the department. The following year, the Qing government decided to nationalize the national railway, and was appointed Minister of Guangdong-Han Railway and Minister of Hubei-Sichuan-Han Railway. After the death of Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi, they paid great attention to the life of Prince Jin Taibao. 1909 (Xuantongyuan year) died of illness. The collection of posthumous works is all Zhang Wenxiang's works.