Fa Yan, a disciple of Dao Fen, was born (now Huzhou, Zhejiang), and his common name was Xu. He has a good understanding of the samadhi and division of Taoism, and his brushwork is vigorous and impressive. "Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties" is also recorded.
The painting monk Zhihui, who was a little later than Daofen, was born in Shaanxi and was a monk in Zhongtan bathroom in Luoyang.
There are Taoist priests in landscape paintings. In the Record of Famous Paintings in Tang Dynasty, Zhu advocated that his landscape could be natural.
Faming, a monk in Tongzhou, Shaanxi (now Dali County), is good at describing his appearance. He was once called into the Forbidden City by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and painted portraits of seventeen bachelors, including Zhang Shuo, in Li Zhengting Hall. All of them were self-possessed and won the appreciation of the emperor. This painting is also treasured by the Royal Academy of Painting. See "Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties".
Painters Yan Zhi and Shi Gui, who are active in Kaifeng, are famous for their Buddhist group portraits in Suoguo Temple. Yan Zhi's three-way causal path diagram, Master Gui's nine-door interpretation of Fan Wangdi, and the 28-level merit of the inner wall of the East Gallery are all called the stunts of Suoguo Temple by contemporary people because of their colorful characters and wonderful pictures. Guo's Pictures and Stories recorded this point.
Monks painting in the late Tang Dynasty are quite distinctive, such as Jiang Monk, who is famous for painting pine trees. When Nuozong (reigned in 1983- 1988), he painted giant pine murals for Chuanjing Academy, which made people feel the sound of Songtao. The famous poet Zheng Gu is full of poetry. In Yuntai, there is a poem praising monk Jiang's exquisite painting skills.
The emblem of a monk in Nanhai (now Guangzhou, Guangdong Province) is famous for painting dragons, with the head painted and the tail hidden, which is quite fascinating.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were also some painting monks who were versatile and good at mathematics, such as Gui Zhi. Famous painting books of past dynasties say that he is good at landscapes, ghosts and gods, and his works are neat and tidy. Another example is Chu 'an, a native of Shifang, Zhou Shu (now Sichuan). He is not only good at drawing figures and pavilions, but also big and small. For example, there are large murals and small round fans in the Summer Palace of Xinghua Qing Palace in the Ming Dynasty and Suzhou Terrace of Wang Wuyan. Although the size is different, but the kung fu is not diminished, it is praised as a wonderful pen by the ministers. See Huang Xiufu's Yizhou Painting Record; Another example is a monk from Puguang Temple in the capital. His surname is usually Yao. Shi Daoxuan's "Continued Biography of Monks" said that he was proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy and painting and was famous in Beijing. All of the above explains the activities of painting monks in the Tang Dynasty.
Ju Ran is the most famous of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. According to Xuanhe Huapu, he was a native of Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), lived in Kaiyuan Temple in Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and was a disciple of Dong Yuan, a master of landscape painting. When the Southern Tang Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty (1975), he followed Li Houzhu to Bianjing (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and lived in Kaibao Temple, where he was famous for his superb painting skills. He was invited to create a mural for the bachelor's college.
Hui Jian, a landscape painter in Houshu, was a monk in Zheng Guang Third Academy (938-965). At the invitation of Chengdu Dasheng Temple, he painted the mural "Wu Wang Rock Valley Tai Su Map", which is packed with people, beautiful scenery, magnificent momentum and even sunny. "Yizhou Famous Painting Record" is about it.
Followers of the post-Shu dynasty, after that, are also longer than Buddhist portraits. He is from Guanghan, Sichuan. He painted large-scale murals for xingguo temple Bathroom Hospital, the Third College of the Great Temple, Jiedi Hall and other places, and is famous for the statue of Damocles.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Hui Chong, a monk of landscape painting, was most famous for his freehand brushwork. He is from Jianyang, Fujian, and is good at writing poems. He is also known as the "Nine Poets and Monks" with Zanning and Wu Yuan. Hui Chong is good at painting, especially outstanding. The paintings of Han Ting Zhu Yuan and Yu Yan Lu Yan show the desolate and empty image of the rural areas in the south of the Yangtze River, which is full of relaxation.
In the early Song Dynasty, there was another monk, Xiufan, who was famous for painting Taihu Stone. He is from Runzhou (now Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province). The lake stones painted are like clouds or waves, which are strange and changeable, but exquisite and unique. There is Deng Chun's Painting with it.
In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, Jiangyin was famous for being good at painting water. He once painted a watercolor painting for the lintel of Guangfu Temple in Jiangyin. According to Jiangyin Xinzhi, the water he painted was either white and surging. Or the blue waves are rippling, the spring water is like the sky, and there is a kind of agility and informality, which is called "like micro-water".
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the landscape painting monk Dezheng moved from Liyang (now a county in Anhui Province) to Wuxian (now Suzhou City in Jiangsu Province) and lived in Shile Temple in Lushan Mountain in his later years. I like to visit famous mountains and rivers, and after returning to China, I painted what I saw and heard as a lying tour, with elegant and poetic style. He is a sketch artist, and he has Li's charm. See Wuxian Annals for details.
B, figure painting monk
The direction of figure painting is to paint the strength of monks, and the Northern Song Dynasty is no exception. A monk who is good at painting portraits, had the method of moving the capital in the early Song Dynasty, and was a true Sect (since 1022 1998). Lin Bu, a hermit in the West Lake Gushan, wrote Poems and Poems Vivid by Imitation, praising his painting skills:
Worship of the Forbidden City is as rare as the study of teachers' art..
Another painter, Shang Renping, once painted a portrait of Li Gou, a great scholar, which was very charming. Li Gou's Xu Jiangji has a poem to thank it.
The Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty asked the painter to draw the imperial capacity. 1976 to 1997 When Emperor Taizong was in power, the monk Suoguo Temple in Beijing was called to take pictures of the emperor and was praised by Emperor Taizong for his skill. He also painted bamboo. Liu Daochun's "Comments on Famous Paintings of the Song Dynasty" said that he and Tang and Dong Yu of the Five Dynasties were pioneers in painting bamboo.
During the reign of Renzong (1023- 1063), Jiahe (now Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province) and Shang Weizhen were called to Beijing to paint Yu Rong, saying that he was very generous. For a time, celebrities, officials and dignitaries were proud of his portrait. See "Pictures and Stories" for details. According to "Painting Spectrum", a monk from Miaoshan once painted a portrait of the emperor, and Su Dongpo presented a poem. According to "The Drama Record of Gengyin Road", when Zhe Zongshi (reigned from 1086 to110), a monk in Chengdu looked forward to Ji, and his common surname was Su Dongpo and Su Aizhi. The topic is like a cloud:
If the eyes are newborn calves, the heart is like a boat that is not tied.
To ask a person's occupation, Huangzhou Huizhou Yazhou.
The Buddhist figure painting of the Northern Song Dynasty is also very skillful. Tan Su, a native of Jiangyin, once painted "Liang Wudi asked Zhang Sengyou to write" Zhi Gong in disguise "on the back wall of the West Garden of Guangfu Temple in Jiangyin for Jia You (1056- 1063). His brushwork is vigorous and full of pride, and the audience is amazed. It contains "New Records of Jiangyin". People in Wuxian are good at drawing arhats, and there is a picture of 500 arhats, which is vivid in form and has great personality. Qin Guan compared him to Dai Kui, the author of Wu County Records, a great painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Zhiping, a monk of Liang Qing Temple in Chengdu, is famous for painting Guanyin. He painted a Guanyin statue for the Pu Xian Pavilion of the Land and Water Institute, which was quite kind and dignified. Monks in Chengdu Bailing Courtyard are empty, and they also make murals for Pu Xian Pavilion in Shuilu Courtyard. In addition to people, they also work as landscapes; Huayang, Chengdu (now Chengdu, Sichuan) painted a monk, Li Fozhu, without Zhu dye, with sketches; He also has flowers, birds and landscapes, and put forward the theory that calligraphy and painting are interlinked. For the above three paintings of monks, see Biography.
C. Monks who draw flowers and birds
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the monks who painted flowers and birds took Jiangnan as their prosperity. For example, Meng Xiu, who has the same name as a monk in the late Tang Dynasty, can fly to Bai Mo for fun as a flower, bird and bamboo stone with a trembling gesture, alternating between reality and reality, which is particularly clever and gives people beautiful enjoyment; Another example is Piling (now Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province), where people live in Ning and paint grasshoppers. The brushwork is vigorous and handsome, and the pen and ink are simple and interesting. Mei's Collected Works of Mr. Wan Ling has a poem to comment on it:
Ning Xin is really blessed, sitting and letting the group fall.
In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, the monk who painted flowers and birds was not in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River, but there was a Jianyang man who was good at painting flowers and birds. He is good at painting Yunzhou (now Gao 'an County, Jiangxi Province) in Zhu Mei, the history and culture of Mo Zhu (now Jiading City, Sichuan Province), and Jiajiang, who is good at painting insects, is conscious. Bai Xi, a native of Changsha, is good at drawing lotus flowers. , in "Painting History Society"; Zhong Ren, a good painter of plum blossoms in Huang Tingjian's Valley Collection, is the best among his peers.
Ren Zhong lived in Huaguang Temple in Hengzhou (now Hengyang City, Hunan Province), hence the name Huaguang. He loves the nobility of plum blossoms, so he planted plum trees around the temple. Every time the flowers bloom, he moves the bed under the plum blossoms and recites them all day. Occasionally, I see a thin shadow in front of the window on a moonlit night, so cute that I spread out paper and ink to draw the shape of plum blossoms, so my painting skills have made great progress and become higher and higher. Ren Zhong paints plums, changing floating colors into ink and wash, which is very elegant. Hua Zhen is very appreciative of this unique initiative. He wrote in Yunxi Jushi Collection? The poem "Zhong Ren Mo Juan Plum Blossom" says:
The world painted plum Fudan powder, and the mountain monk painted plum rhyme ink;
The shallow cage is dyed high and low, and the cigarette glue turns to Hua Yao color.
The cold branch scale performance is ancient, like a war, the wind is falling,
Three warehouses and two pens are not annoying, and full of letters are like the sun.
Powder thinning, yellow danger, light fragrance sweeping, powerful.
Don't wait for the lonely root heater to return, write the spring news clearly.
Zhong Ren's works spread to Japan, and Juntaiguan included his plum and bamboo paintings. See Japan's About the View of Juntai. There are also many artists, such as Yang, a native of Qingjiang, Jiangxi. He painted a monk, Song Qi, and called him a gentleman. Disciple Yang painted a monk with the word Ze Weng, a common surname of Tong, and was good at ink painting plum. He can be called Ren Zhong's second disciple. He is also a landscape bamboo stone with a blue victory. See Pictorial Treasure for details.
Ding, other painting monks
There was also a Longshui painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is from Siming (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). Because he lives by the sea, he knows a lot about waves. He is good at winding like a dragon. Stegosaurus (1960 to 1962) was famous for a while. Imperial academy has painted a dragon screen, which seems to have the sound of dragon waves. Hours are the last word. According to Xuanhe Huapu, there are as many as 3 1 frame in the Imperial Palace alone. The disciples of the ancient method are merciful, uncolored and elegant, and they are all good at painting dragon water, and they have their own beautiful voices in the painting world.
4. Painting monks in Southern Song Dynasty
First, landscape painting monks
After Dunan in Song Dynasty, the political situation was a little peaceful, and the imperial court restored Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) Painting Academy. /kloc-After more than 0/00 years, because there is no war in the south, the economy is prosperous, and religion and painting have also developed to some extent. In the early days, landscape painting monks were famous as long teachers. His painting style is simple, and his interest wins, which is recorded in Zheng's "Beishan Anthology". In Xichun (1 174- 189), a monk named Lao Wu painted mountains and rivers as simple and naive as Ju Ran. There is a poem in Qiu Zhuzhai's poem.
Dezhi, a landscape painting monk in the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, was named Gu Qing, a native of Jiangxi, who was good at painting and poetry. He once painted landscape paintings for the left and right walls of Lushan Mountain, and Zhu wrote poems for them. See the painting history meeting for details.
Ruofen was the most influential landscape painting monk in the late Southern Song Dynasty. His name is Zhong Shi, nicknamed Meet, and he is from Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang). A teenager has been a monk for forty years, and mountains and rivers are all over the world. In his later years, he lived in Shangtianzhu Temple in Hangzhou and devoted himself to writing. His works are bold and unrestrained, concise and dripping, and turned into magnificent shock. There are poems in Jin Luxiang's Collection of Renshan, Wang Bai's Collection of Luzhai and Wu Shidao's Collection of Wu Li Steps. Ruofen's paintings "Lushan Mountain Map" and "Yuan Pu Gui Fan Map" are now in Japan and are deeply loved by Japanese audiences.
The monk in Huiji is detached and a landscape painter in the late Song Dynasty. His works, like Guo, are magnificent in the north. Shuikou, houses, forests and rocks, and sloping beaches are all caused by scattered hills in the south. People are like Ju Ran. He also painted figures and bamboo paintings. See "Painting Treasure".
B, figure painting monk
Fan Long, a monk in Xing Wu, was a famous figure painter in the Southern Song Dynasty. He talks heavily and has no fixed place to live. The Buddha statue he painted is better than a high-profile hairspring, and the pen and ink are far away, which is quite like Li's work. Song Gaozong (reigned in1127-1162) liked his paintings very much. Every time he saw them, he wrote something about them and gave buddhist nun a place at Di Chin Mountain in Wansongling near the Forbidden Park. Lu You is recorded in Selected Works of Weinan.
A little later than Fang Long, Jiangxi drew a monk An Deyu, who was also good at drawing figures. There is a picture of the third birthday, which depicts the longevity of the elderly and gives people a feeling of happiness and kindness. Premier Zhou Bida's "Plain Collection" has a gift to the cloud:
The portrait of Dan Qing has been written in Xiangshan, and Luo Recitation is still recited by the deputy ink.
Another Jiangxi painter, Master Hui, sat at the table of nanzenji, who was in Jishui. He studied painting in Hangzhou, and is famous for being good at protecting the statue of the heavenly king. See Wen Tianxiang's Wenshan Collection.
C. Monks who draw flowers and birds
In the early Southern Song Dynasty, monks were famous for painting flowers and fruits. The grapes he made are crystal clear and tender, which makes people drool. Chen Zao received "Poems of Painting Grapes by Teachers", including Chen's "Longevity Collection in Jianghu". Tongxi (now Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province) painted a monk who was famous for painting plum blossoms, called Ying Ren Shang, and praised Lu You's poems. Ren Guang, who lives in Nanyue (now Hengyang City, Hunan Province), is also famous for painting plums, and Zhang Wei, a Taoist master, painted for him, which can be found in picturesque poems.
In the late Southern Song Dynasty, the Buddhist flower-and-bird painting method has always been outstanding. His name is Muxi, and his common surname is Xue. He is a Sichuanese and lives in Wannian Temple in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province. With a sense of justice, he was persecuted for attacking the mistakes made by the powerful minister Jia Sidao in the country. Buddhism is often forbidden to draw monks' disciples. He is good at drawing apes and cranes, dragons and tigers, landscapes and figures, all of which are written in essays and works. Simple and profound taste, perfect shape. Drawing fruit sketches is particularly skillful and interesting. Wu's "Song Zhai Mei Pu" and Zhuang Su's "Painting with Supplement" both described this matter. The works of master and apprentice, which were not allowed, spread to Japan during the reign of Nali Zong (1225-11264). Today, there are Buddhist paintings and Guanyin statues of apes in Dade Temple in Tokyo. Frequent paintings have a great influence on Japanese Zen paintings, so they are listed as national treasures or important cultural property in Japan.
Luo Chuang, who lives in Liu Tong Temple, West Lake, Hangzhou, is similar to Chang Fa's paintings and has a strong Zen spirit, and his influence has spread far and wide in Japan. For details, please refer to the description of Jun Taiguan's Left and Right.
In addition, there is a monk who is good at painting plum blossoms. Zhao's "Zhu Mei Pu" is called Plum Blossom, which is flourishing and very interesting. Tiejian is good at painting ink bamboo. Peng Yuncan's Notes on Farming and Reading Tian Zhai said that poets in Song and Yuan Dynasties had many doubts about his ink bamboo. No. Kuya, a native of Fuzhou, lives in Chong 'an Kaishan Hospital and befriends Zhu. His bamboo and stone paintings are often praised by Zhu. See Fuzhou official records for details.
Ding, other painting monks
Lou Key's Collection of Attacking Roses records that the monk of Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou was a painting monk in the early Southern Song Dynasty. His common surname was Xing and his name was Yun, and he was born in Kaifeng. After crossing the south, he became a monk and was good at painting dragons and cows. Only a few strokes, but he saw the form and spirit. Cattle and rabbits are particularly lively and lovely, so they are named "Old Cow".
There were also many painting monks active in the painting world in Song Dynasty. For example, the monks of landscape painting have the ambition of Sichuan, the wisdom of the four heavenly palaces in Chengdu, the wisdom of Suining, the true wisdom of Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and the Minghe of the lost nation; The monks in the figure paintings include Daohong of Emei, Sichuan, the younger ancestor of Daojiang (now guanxian, Sichuan), Zhiping and his disciples of Liang Qing Temple in Chengdu, Zuying of Zunyuan, a immortal in Chengdu, a folk star of Pengcheng (now Tongshan County, Jiangsu Province), Ren Xuan, Zhishi, Shen Yan and Shangzuo of Yongjia, Zhejiang Province. Monks who paint flowers and birds have lost their homes, and Huizhou boats at Changqing Temple in West Lake, Hangzhou. Because the literature only contains its story, the Northern and Southern Dynasties are unknown, so it is listed here to see the prosperity of painting monks in the Song Dynasty.
5. Painting monks in Yuan Dynasty
Although the Yuan Dynasty was less than a hundred years old, the Mongolian aristocrats, as rulers, believed in Tibetan Buddhism and paid equal attention to many religions, so Buddhism flourished. At the same time, when the Imperial Examination was abolished in the Yuan Dynasty, many scholars were not allowed to be officials and were discriminated against by ethnic groups. Instead, he turned to Zen and strengthened the cultural accomplishment of Buddhism. Scholars are also more interested in painting monks than the previous generation, and the freehand brushwork function of painting has been deepened. People especially like to take plum, orchid, pine, bamboo and grapes as themes to express their noble feelings, and flower-and-bird painting has developed unprecedentedly. Relatively speaking, other painting subjects are slightly inferior.
First, landscape painting monks
According to Li Rihua's "Three Stories of Liuyanzhai", the landscape painting monks in the early Yuan Dynasty were known for their sincerity and were one of the "four Tibetan monks". He felt withdrawn, condensing the beginning, Daoyuan, etc. And learn Ju Ran with landscapes, which is naturally sparse; Part-time job: badminton, bamboo and stone. I often paint in the name of the ancients to escape the secular pursuit. At the same time, Pu Guang, a famous monk, was painted in the north, with the word Xuanhui, the first name, the common surname Li, Datong people, and his brother Pu Yuan, all of whom contributed to the mountains and rivers and dominated the Central Plains. Pu Guang was also recommended to the DPRK, awarded the title of Master Xuanwu, and recorded the meeting of Tao's book history. In addition, Chen Jiru's "History of Painting and Calligraphy" is used by monks, and the word Ruzhou; Nan, the elder of Cibao Temple described in Feng Wang's Wu Xi Ji, is also good at painting landscapes. The landscape painting monk at the end of Yuan Dynasty was famous for his works in Switzerland during the reign of Shun Di (1333- 1368), which left a long-forgotten thought. There is a saying in Liu Bowen's Liu Wencheng Gongji:
The venerable person is addicted to mountains and rivers, which should be Wang Wei's second body.
B, figure painting monk
In the Yuan Dynasty, there were several monks who specialized in painting Buddhist figures. Although they are not famous in China, their works are very popular in Japan because they are interested in Zen. For example, Master Oracle Bone Inscriptions, who is good at painting Maitreya Buddha, Snow Creek of Manjusri Bodhisattva and Ming Dow, who is good at painting Lohan, are all famous for playing Fusang. It is recorded in the Catalogue of Famous Japanese Paintings, Notes on Jun Taiguan's Left and Right, and the Catalogue of Chinese Paintings Collected Abroad compiled by Professor Suzuki of Tokyo University. According to Pu Daoyuan's "Solitary Draft", the Yuan Dynasty was good at painting monks and firewood, and also at painting arhats. Although it is not as good as Guan Xiu in the Five Dynasties, it is also beautiful and quite exaggerated.
In addition to Buddhist figures, the Yuan Dynasty was famous for the people who painted monks and wrote landscapes in Jingkou (now Dantu County, Jiangsu Province), and Gong Shitai's Wan Zhai Ji contained poems praising his art; Lu Chang (now Cangxian County, Hebei Province) is a monk sea with boats and portraits. See the history of calligraphy and painting.
C. Monks who draw flowers and birds
Wen Riguan, a monk of Mari Temple in Hangzhou West Lake in the early Yuan Dynasty, was famous for painting grapes. He is from Huating (now Songjiang County, Shanghai). As an honest man, he once publicly accused Yang Lian Jia Zhen, a Buddhist leader in the south of the Yangtze River, of stealing the tombs of the Southern Song Dynasty. Wen and Japanese officials are good at drawing ink grapes with cursive calligraphy, splashing ink with their hands, and then waving their hair quickly to clean up the mess. It can be said that fingers and brushes are used together, and the skills are superb. He used grapes as a metaphor for Zhu Xuan, expressing his open mind of converting to Buddhism and refusing to be attached to dignitaries as their agents. Jue Yuan's "Rong Qing Lay Man" praised his noble integrity;
Drunk Pu Tao ink is bone, autumn leaves matter cloud Apollo;
Counting Zhu Xuan, I don't know what a public official is.
The grape pictures of Japanese officials have been spread to Japan for a long time, and people regard their integrity and painting skills as treasures. Today, the United States also treasures its works, such as Gao Juhan of the University of California, Berkeley (James F? Professor Cahill's Jing Yuan Zhai contains Wen Riguan's Grape Map Axis.
Master Song An, a monk who lives in Nanyue, also makes ink grapes to show his ambition. Among Fu and Li's poems, there are poems chanting their character.
Pu Ming, a fellow countryman of Wenriguan Songjiang, is famous for painting orchids. His name is Xue Chuang, and his common surname is Cao. Now he lives in Chengtian Nengren Temple in Suzhou and Bordet Ji in Jiading. Pu Ming's works, the orchid leaves are fragrant, reveal the symbolic significance of the noble orchid one by one, which is well received by monks and customs, resulting in the custom of "every household has a orchid in the snow window" in Jiangnan, which is recorded in the golden Collected Works of Mr. Jinhua. His works and Notes on Drawing Orchids were brought back to China by Japanese monks, which had an influence on Japanese painting circles. There are also those who express their feelings by borrowing orchids, such as Miao Yuan in Yunyang Collection, Treasures in Painting, Suzhou native Zong Ying in History of Calligraphy and Painting, Daoyin in Pinghu County Records, and the Tiantai monk Kulin in Yin Gui Collection.
Zubai, a descendant of the history of prime ministers in the Southern Song Dynasty, painted in Siming. Becoming a monk after entering the Yuan Dynasty. He wrote "No Boat Collection" to express his yearning for freedom and painted pines and cypresses to show his ambition. The pines and cypresses in his works are detached from the dust, and they have a unique independent pride and awe-inspiring momentum, so as to express their loyalty and noble heart. There is a poem in Gu Ying's "The Elegant Collection of Cottage" praising:
The empty boat is not tied, and the lake and the sea are still called;
When you realize that cypress trees are in front of the court, you are a foreign monk.
Without me, who should fall;
Back to Dongshan, Dongshan gas doubled.
Zubai's pine trees were also brought back by Japanese monks in China, and some of them are still well preserved. In addition, the picture of the monk lotus in Soochow (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province) contained in Wu Ji is also a master of painting pine in Yuan Dynasty, and his paintings are graceful and independent, magnificent and magnificent.
Bamboo is open-minded and difficult to preserve, so it is regarded as a symbol of integrity by painters. In the Yuan Dynasty, many painters borrowed ink bamboo to place their hopes on it. His representative works include Miao Yuan, Zhihao, Cai Yun, Hai Yun and His Disciple Zhihai, Hua Ting Shi Ren Pu at the Painting History Meeting, Nanchang People's Congress in the History of Painting and Calligraphy, and Liu Yanzhai's Three Paintings. Their tastes are often spontaneous. The paintings of monks who show nobleness with plum include those in Jiaxing County Records and Harmony in Zhai Ji. Among them, Fan Hui, a monk, painted daffodils and planted plum blossoms and daffodils in his residence for sketching and appreciation, so his ink dripping skills were extraordinary and wonderful.
Ding, other painting monks
In addition to the above themes, the Yuan Dynasty painted monks dabbling in insects, fish, dragons and other painting themes, such as Hui Zhen's "Rotten Melon Walking Ants". In order to satirize some corrupt officials, such as ants chasing away the odor, Yu Ji also wrote poems for this purpose. See Yu's Ancient Records of Daoyuan Studies; When Shun Di painted a monk in Zhongshan, he painted fish very well, in order to pin his yearning for freedom. Liu Bowen's "Liu Wencheng Gongji" was praised by poetry; It is natural to draw monks, and they are absolutely good at drawing dragons to show their respect for the sacred objects of Buddhism. See Fu Shu's Man in the Woods for the former, and Li See's Zengji Temple for the latter.
Third, the artistic contribution of painting monks in the Tang and Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties
After the above development, historical facts not only eloquently show that there were many talented monks in the Tang and Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, but also that Buddhism was versatile. But also reveals the true meaning to the world: with the evolution of history, painting monks have continuously displayed their artistic talents and made outstanding contributions to Buddhist culture, artistic undertakings and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.
In addition to painting monks' important contributions to Buddhist culture (such as vividly promoting the greatness and kindness of Buddhism in the form of painting, such as beautifying the environment with painting, etc.). ) and outstanding achievements in cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries (such as exchanging Buddhist ideas with paintings and recording the activities of Chinese and foreign monks). ), I think the contribution of painting monks to the cause of art is worth writing at least in the following aspects:
First, painting monks has made achievements in various fields of painting, such as landscape painting, figure painting, flowers and birds, animals, art theory, art education, etc., and its development is comprehensive.
Second, art is more expensive than innovation, painting monks is smart and studious, and there are many innovations and achievements in the history of art development. For example:
Ju Ran, a monk of landscape painting in the Five Dynasties, and his teacher Dong Yuan laid the foundation for the establishment of Jiangnan Landscape Painting School, and changed landscape painting to Dong Ju.
Guan Xiu's exaggerated and romantic expression of Brahma-style arhat in figure painting not only adds lyrical interest to figure painting, but also casts a mysterious color on arhat, which makes it more artistic and enlightens the development of freehand brushwork of later figures.
Hui Chong's small landscape in the Northern Song Dynasty is vivid and interesting, just like a sudden emergence of a new army, which breaks the situation of the unity of worshipping Yue Lingjun and panoramic landscape at that time, and reflects the picturesque scenery like idyllic scenery, which is refreshing, deepens the lyrical interest of painting and reveals the natural local beauty.
Zhong Ren's "Plum Blossom" turned Fucai into an ink painting, and the pure and noble character symbolized by Plum Blossom was fully displayed in Mo Yun, which was unprecedented and promoted the development of ink painting.
Yuan Ai expressed his love for bamboo and became a pioneer in painting bamboo.
Zhou Chun's theory of painting and calligraphy homology became the target of Zhao Ziang's theory of painting and calligraphy homology.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, the understanding of Zen Buddhism was integrated into the theory of painting, and the objects were expressed concisely and generally with careful brushwork, which urged the painting world to get rid of the shackles of the material world and give play to its subjective initiative.
The views of warm sunshine, snow window and Baizi Pavilion in Yuan Dynasty, taking grapes, orchids and pine trees as metaphors, inspired integrity and expressed noble sentiments, deepened the symbolic meaning of painting, expanded the expressive function of painting and publicized the inner spirit of Chinese painting.
Third, painting monks had a positive impact on the painting circles at that time and later generations. For example:
In the Tang Dynasty, the statue of patron saint and the statue of Buddha were regarded as samples of Buddhist figures by court art and folk painters at that time because of their both form and spirit.
The landscape in the south of the Yangtze River in the Five Dynasties was not only imitated by some people at that time, but also regarded it as the standard of the landscape in the south of the Yangtze River by Gao and Zhen Wu in Yuan Dynasty, Shen Zhou and He in Wu Pai in Ming Dynasty, Dong Qichang in Songjiang School of Painting and Wang Shimin and Wang Shigu in Four Kings School of Painting in the early Qing Dynasty, from which they learned technical nutrition.
Guan Xiu's exaggerated painting style inspired the Buddhist figures of Fanlong in the Northern Song Dynasty and the variant portraits of Chen Hongshou in the late Ming Dynasty and Jinnong in the Qing Dynasty to varying degrees.
The landscape of Hui Chong in the Northern Song Dynasty was praised by literati and painters of past dynasties, such as Su Dongpo, Mi Fei, Shen Zhou, Xu Wei and Dong Qichang. Wang, a court painter in the Southern Song Dynasty and a folk painter in the Yuan Dynasty, followed suit, capturing landscapes and being full of wild interest.
The Mo Mei promoted by his disciple Yang Bu is outstanding. Zhao in the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang Mian in the Yuan Dynasty and Shi Tao in the Qing Dynasty are all masters of Mo Mei art.
Ju Ning's A Pen of Cao Cao is very popular in Changzhou in the south of the Yangtze River. Fang Junduan in the Yuan Dynasty and Lu Jingfu in the Ming Dynasty all studied it and influenced it for hundreds of years. Records of Wuyang County and History of Painting and Calligraphy also recorded it.
Fourthly, painting monks plays an important role in the artistic exchange between China and foreign countries. For example:
The landscapes of Mo Mei and Ruofen in Zhong Ren in the Northern Song Dynasty, flowers and birds, figures and animals in the Southern Song Dynasty, etc., which are not allowed to be used for reference, were mostly introduced to Japan through the exchanges between the Buddhist circles of China and Japan, and were regarded as typical Zen paintings. Great painters of Muromachi era (1333- 1573), such as Keweng, Mauan Lingyuan, Da Qiao Ruzhuo, Sesshū Tōyō, etc. , have been praised by them. Among them, Mo 'an Mausoleum also has the reputation of "Muxi coming again", and Japanese scholar Machida Kazuyoshi recorded this historical fact in the History of Japanese Art.
Fourth, conclusion: Monks' paintings can not be ignored.
The success of painting monks in the Tang, Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties should be related to the following reasons:
The first is the modesty, eagerness to learn and hard work of painting monks. For example, Wu Daozi in the Tang Dynasty and Dong Yuan, a teacher of Juyuan in the Five Dynasties, are all the same, and they are very different. For example, Daofen in the Tang Dynasty devoted himself to painting and made unremitting efforts until death do us part.
Second, painting monks are different from folk painters and court painters who make a living by painting, but they take painting as their sustenance and fun, so they can paint independently, express their pursuit of beauty and create works higher than life without the interference of external commodity economy.
Third, painting monks live in the sound of bells and drums in the early morning. Compared with frustrated literati painters, they have less secular constraints and more personal experience of Zen, because they can freely express their feelings about nature, as the Sixth Ancestor's Tanjing said: Blowing is confusing, and Ming Che at home and abroad sees everything from their own nature. Therefore, we can give full play to the subjective initiative of "learning from China", not be bound by what we have seen and learned, turn all evil spirits into extraordinary, make people clear in mind and body, and do things full of thoughts and lofty feelings.
Fourthly, most painting monks live in Lan Ruo, a well-protected jungle. They can directly contact with nature and the countryside, and it is easier for them to obtain a natural, naive, indifferent and quiet creative environment than others. This is the basic objective condition for artists to create excellent works.
Based on the above reasons, the paintings of monks are easy to have strong philosophical, literary, natural and artistic perception, thus forming an ancient and extraordinary painting style, which directly affects the artistic style of painting monks in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. For example, the eight flower-and-bird paintings and Shi Tao, the multi-Buddhist meditation and the heavy-duty Mo Yun; The landscape paintings of Xi Shi and Hong Ren are more naive in Ju Ran and ethereal in Hui Chong. Eight insects and fish, unparalleled trees and stones, the artistic conception of warming up the sun and the meaning of the snow window are thought-provoking All these can show the origin of the painting style of monks.
Therefore, in the history of painting in China, painting monks not only wrote brilliant chapters, but also shared them with literati, folk painters and court painters, occupying an important position among artists.