? Psychological research shows that interest shows a certain tendency to choose things and phenomena around the world. As a phenomenon, interest arises from the interaction between individuals and the environment. Or, as Dewey said, the fundamental meaning of the word interest is concentration, concentration and concentration on an activity, because people know its value. ?
? We know that interest has no place in modern epistemology dominated by positivism. Positivism regards cognition as a reflection of facts or an imitation of reality, and requires that all subjective factors affecting objectivity be eliminated from cognition. However, as Polanyi pointed out, the absolute objectivity required by positivism is only a false ideal. Without scientists' pure scientific interest and enthusiastic participation, and without their every bit of life and energy as a bet, any scientific discovery (knowledge) of great significance is impossible to obtain. Polanyi pointed out: "Enthusiasm endows objects with feelings and makes them annoying or attractive. Positive enthusiasm affirms that something is precious. " Scientists' enthusiasm for knowledge "is used as a guide in evaluating what is high and what is low, what is great in science and what is relatively small." Habermas was inspired by Hegel and Marx ―― Hegel believed that any form of knowledge can only be formed in a comprehensive process, which is based on language, labor and unity.
Treatment (interpersonal communication) is completed; On this basis, Marx pointed out that the subject of cognition is not transcendental consciousness at all, but a concrete person who establishes his own life under natural conditions-he therefore pointed out that cognition cannot be separated from the human coordinate system at all, and cognition is closely related to the fate and activities of the subject. He said: "Objectivism will not be destroyed by the power of a new theory, but only by the explanation of what objectivism covers up." In his view, interest runs through all human daily tool behaviors and communication behaviors. It is the possibility of human reproduction and the established basic condition of human self-formation. People's cognitive interests determine their scientific activities. There are three basic interests in human cognitive activities, namely, technical interest, practical interest and liberation interest. These three interests have also triggered three cognitive activities of human beings, resulting in three corresponding scientific forms, namely, natural science, spiritual science and all critical science. ?
? It can be seen that interest is not something imposed on cognition from the outside, but an indispensable part of cognition. In other words, it is the basis of understanding. As Piaget said, "All intellectual activities are based on interest." First of all, interest affects the subject's choice of cognitive objects. Interest is not a pure personal feeling, it does not aim at itself like red emotion, but is embodied in a related object. In other words, interest always has its definite projection object. In this sense, interest exists objectively. Different interests have different projection objects. For example, the three basic cognitive interests of human beings listed by Habermas mentioned above are put into different objects, thus producing three different forms of knowledge. Every interest marks the unique connection between man and the world, that is, interest defines man's understanding. What kind of interest is, so is the horizon of human cognition. People's interests are constantly developing and changing, and people's cognitive vision is constantly adjusting and expanding. Secondly, interest is the internal motivation to push people to complete cognitive tasks, especially arduous and long cognitive tasks. In order to successfully complete a cognitive task, hard work and firm will are indispensable, especially when there are various difficulties and obstacles in this cognitive task and there is no direct result at the moment. However, as Dewey said, efforts and interests are never hostile. "If the action is growing, then the desire to devote energy to any point of the whole activity is the standard to measure the attraction of the activity as a complete event. This shows how much he actually cares about this matter. " In other words, whether a person will make mental or physical efforts for an activity depends on whether he (she) has real interest in the activity and whether the purpose of the activity comes from himself (her) rather than external pressure and coercion. In other words, with real interest, you will have the determination and courage to carry out your actions in spite of difficulties, and you will be happy when you are in pain. This kind of spiritual pleasure cannot be compared with the instant pleasure of indulging in the senses such as sound, light and color. It is it that makes the cognitive process itself full of vitality and depth.
? Second, interest as a way of human existence.
? As mentioned above, interest defines our knowledge and activities. We talk about a person's interests, such as his commercial interests, local interests and so on, and his interests are also his activities. Although people are sometimes forced to do things that they are not interested in, this kind of doing is only half-hearted and not really doing it. In other words, he (she) can't fully integrate himself into the ongoing activities, and the results of the activities are meaningless to him (her). On the contrary, he (she) retains most of his (her) energy to pay attention to what he (she) is really interested in. As Fan Meinan said: "The concentration caused by compulsion rather than interest is fleeting. Efforts that are forced rather than stimulated by interest are only half-hearted. Efforts driven by people rather than out of interest are not real efforts. The discipline caused by the desire to threaten rather than systematically follow the interests is easy to cause rebellious psychology. The concentration of thoughts caused by compulsion rather than internal reaction to internal interests is likely to be an absent-minded concentration. Achievements made at the expense of boredom rather than interest are likely to be superficial and temporary achievements. " In short, when a person is engaged in something he or she is not interested in, he or she is divorced from the object. This kind of separation can't establish a real relationship between people and objects, but it brings about the division of energy and even personality itself. And once possible, people will try their best to avoid falling into such a situation.