1. observation, the main types of observation are:

(1) individual observation. Children understand its appearance, characteristics, attributes and habits through purposeful use of their senses and direct contact with things or phenomena around them.

② Long-term systematic observation. For a long time, children continuously and systematically observe an object or phenomenon and have a systematic and complete understanding of its development and change process.

③ Comparative observation. In the process of observation, we can know things more accurately, carefully and completely through comparative analysis, judgment and thinking. This can help children find the characteristics of things quickly, which is conducive to the development of children's classification ability and the formation of concepts.

④ Intermittent observation. Refers to guiding children to observe an object or phenomenon regularly. Each observation is based on the original, further observation, deepen the understanding of the observed object.

⑤ Indoor observation and outdoor observation. Indoor observation, such as observing seeds, fish, etc. Outdoor observation, such as visiting urban buildings, visiting vegetable fields, picking leaves, etc.

In the process of guiding observation activities, teachers should provide real objects and scenes as much as possible. Mobilize children's multiple senses to participate in observation, and at the same time guide children to observe things from multiple angles to help children learn observation methods. Observation is to let children use all kinds of senses to understand the characteristics of things intuitively and vividly in the process of touching things, improve their comprehensive sensory ability, cultivate their habit of exploring the surrounding environment with their senses, and provide rich perceptual experience for their abstract thinking ability and concept formation.

2. Experiments, according to the different operators in the experiment process, can be divided into teacher demonstration experiments and children's operation experiments. We don't advocate or oppose teachers replacing children's experiments with demonstration experiments. Generally, children's experiments are easy, simple and fun, which helps to deepen children's understanding of things.

Matters needing attention in the experiment:

(1) Prepare for the experiment; ② Let each child see the demonstration process clearly; (3) The demonstration should be closely coordinated with the explanation and questions.

3. Planting and feeding activities. Because children are young and have different planting and feeding skills, teachers should help children choose suitable content and encourage them to explore independently. Let children understand things from the simple to the deep in the process of personal experience, and give full play to their imagination and creativity. Moreover, through planting and feeding, children's psychology of caring for animals and plants and life is cultivated.

4. Classification activities, there are many contents of classification activities, such as animals, plants, abiotic and so on. When guiding children to use classification, we can start from the following aspects:

Classify objects on the basis of complete perception; Help children learn different types of classification activities;

Guide children to learn to use different standards for classification; Help children define classification criteria or encourage them to determine their own classification criteria.

5. Measurement, scientific measurement includes the following aspects: the length, height, thickness, thickness, width, weight and temperature of the object. In measurement activities, it is important to cultivate children's measurement awareness and help them learn to use informal measurement tools for measurement. In addition, when measuring with a regular measuring tool, the measuring tool should be accurate.

6. Information exchange, the main types of communication are verbal and non-verbal, and the non-verbal ones are records, gestures and expressions. Through communication, children's first impression of the world around them is expressed in their minds through language or other means, which is helpful to the development of language, promotes the communication between children, enables teachers to communicate with teachers and students, and enables teachers not only to understand children's situation, but also to get timely teaching feedback.