Teaching objectives:

1. Be familiar with the basic functions of punctuation.

2. The role of punctuation in the expression effect

3. According to the context, distinguish the roles of dashes, ellipsis and quotation marks.

Teaching emphasis: experience the expressive effect of punctuation marks.

Teaching Difficulties: Analysis of the Functions of Dashes, Ellipsis and Quotations

Teaching process: 3 hours.

first kind

emphasize

Application mode

example

Pause, comma, semicolon

There is no pause between the coordinate predicate and complement, only commas are used.

This year, the task of water conservancy construction in this province is heavy, the project is difficult and the scale is large.

You should keep improving, literacy and production.

His story is true and touching.

There is no pause between the coordinate words of modal particles, only commas are used.

The mountains, water, trees and grass here are all familiar to me since I was a child.

The conjunctions "and, or, and, and" in the coordinate words have been used, and there is no need to pause.

China has made great progress in science, culture, health, education and news publishing.

Adjacent numbers represent divisors, with no pause.

He has walked three or four miles.

Set words are closely related and do not need to pause.

Police, primary and secondary school students, colleges and universities, men, women and children, etc.

There is no pause between quotation marks and the title of the book, but it must be used and only commas can be used.

I have watched many excellent movies recently, such as Hero and Infernal Affairs.

At this time, the slogan "Learn from Yu Min" and "Pay tribute to Yu Min" rang out in the classroom.

Pay attention to the classification of coordinate words, using pauses for small ones and commas for large ones: commas for small ones, semicolons for large ones, and even periods between clauses.

The explosion of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, and the launch and recovery of satellites mark that the development of science and technology in China has reached a new level.

Semicolons are generally used between parallel clauses in complex sentences, but if there are no commas between clauses, semicolons cannot be used directly.

(1) language, which people use to express their feelings; Words, people take words and notes.

Genius comes from diligence, and knowledge lies in accumulation.

Semicolons are also used in the first-level relationship for multiple complex sentences that are not in parallel relationship.

Such people often have a lot of experience and are very valuable; However, it is also dangerous if they are only satisfied with their own experience.

question mark

Although some sentences have interrogative words, they only act as a part of the whole sentence (usually subject or object), and there is no question mark at the end of the sentence.

I have found out when he will leave and which train he will take.

I don't know what's going on.

No matter how many options there are in a multiple-choice question, only one question mark can be used at the end of the sentence, and commas can be used between other sentences.

Did you come by plane, bus or boat? Please give me an answer as soon as possible.

If several consecutive questions do not indicate the relationship of choice, but are asked separately, then as many questions as there are, how many question marks will be used.

Who should solve this problem? How to solve it?

In inverted sentences, the question mark is placed at the end of the sentence.

(1) Comrades, what the hell is going on? "Asked the director.

What's the matter with you?

colon

Used after a general declarative sentence, the word before the colon causes the word after it.

There are four gates in the Forbidden City in Beijing: Wumen Gate, Shenwu Gate, Donghuamen Gate and Xihuamen Gate.

Used after the prompt words (such as: say, think, prove, announce, point out, decide, disclose, discover, reflect, for example, as follows) to lead to the specific content.

In the investigation, the reporter found that in recent years, the labor concept of primary and secondary school students has become increasingly weak.

Used in front of a general sentence to indicate the general context.

In the stock exchange, brokers wear red vests, and managers and service personnel wear yellow vests: this is universal.

The prompt function of colon should be played at the end of the sentence, not in the sentence. If you only care about some of them, you can only use commas, dashes or nothing.

Wang Anyi, Wang Xiaoying and Cheng Naishan, three outstanding women in this city's literary world, were laughing and laughing together.

In tables, you cannot use colons after parentheses.

According to incomplete statistics, there are 1230 students in Chinese department and 986 students in history department.

The form of "xx Shuo" is put at the beginning of the sentence with a colon; Put it in the sentence with a comma: put it at the end of the sentence with a period.

The teacher said, "Li Bai is a great poet in the Tang Dynasty. There are many poems of Li Bai in middle school textbooks."

"Li Bai was a great poet in the Tang Dynasty," said the teacher. "There are many poems by Li Bai in middle school textbooks."

③ "Li Bai was a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, and there are many poems of Li Bai in middle school textbooks." The teacher said.

Colons cannot be used with suggestive words at the same time.

The old "Balkan" agreed with our reporter that although the agreement was simple and the peacekeeping forces began to "maintain peace", the crisis in Kosovo has not been eliminated. (Colon should be changed to comma)

exclamation mark

An exclamatory sentence with an exclamation point at the end of the whole sentence.

How spectacular, the magnificent Qiantang River tide!

Use two exclamation points together, and only use the exclamation point after the word.

"Ah, ah!" Lao Wang exclaimed and jumped into the yard in a hurry.

The exclamation point is followed by an exclamation point, and the exclamation point ends.

Ah, what a magic trick!

cite

A quotation is a sentence with complete meaning. The point at the end of the sentence is placed in the quotation mark on the right, and the quotation mark is preceded by a colon.

I think of a poem by Jia Dao in the Tang Dynasty: "But through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing?" ."

The quotation is incomplete or complete, but it is only a part of the whole sentence. The period at the end of the sentence is placed outside the quotation mark, without a colon in front.

When writing an article, you should "see the strangeness in plain words, the danger in common words, the novelty in old words and the color in plain words".

When there are quotation marks in quotation marks, double quotation marks are used in the outer layer and single quotation marks are used in the inner layer; If there are quotation marks inside a single quotation mark, use double quotation marks, and so on.

He went up to him and asked, "Teacher, what does the word' orderly' mean?"

Speak only the general meaning of what others say, without direct quotation or quotation marks.

She came to tell me that the meeting was changed to four o'clock in the afternoon.

General proper nouns do not need quotation marks, and nouns with general meaning and specific meaning should be quoted.

Three Gorges Project, Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, Theory of Three Represents, one country, two systems, four modernizations.

dash

When a dash indicates an explanation, it cannot be used with the words indicating an explanation.

The people on board told him that the trough (then called "crossing the ditch") that the ship passed through was the dividing line between China and foreign countries. (The dash and "i.e." are repeated, and only one of them is reserved)

If the divided part is a comment on the general part, a dash is applied.

China's four great inventions-gunpowder, printing, compass and papermaking have made great contributions to the development of world history.

brackets

Parentheses: Some words in the annotated sentence are immediately after the words or sentences that are annotated or explained.

The implementation of the "three certificates" oil supply system (that is, the machine hand certificate, the machine inspection certificate and the oil supply certificate) blocked the oil leakage.

Parentheses: Note the whole sentence, after the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence.

"Sucking Cuixia to Correct Heaven" comes from Guo Pu's Fu Jiang in Jin Dynasty. (see moire, volume 12)

Title logo ("")

Represents a title, title (article, rules and regulations, etc.). ), newspapers, songs, movies and plays.

I like A Dream of Red Mansions best among Four Great Classical Novels.

Today, our class learned a new song "You at the same table".

Please go home and write a composition today, the topic is: "The feeling of reading"

TV programs, newspaper columns, themes, etc. The title of the book should not be abused.

The CCTV 2065438+05 "315" TV publicity campaign with the theme of "healthy order and healthy life" will be jointly organized and completed by CCTV Economic Channel 1 1 column day. (The title of the book should be changed to quotation marks)

Pay attention to the unified management of the scope of book titles

Mr. Lu Xun often writes articles in Free Talk, a supplement to Shenbao, attacking the current disadvantages. (The declaration supplement should be changed to the declaration supplement, and the free talk should be changed to double quotation marks.)

If there is still a title in the title, use a double title for external use and a single title for internal use.

Reading experience "introduction"

When the title of the book is used with the title of the article or the title of the tablet is used with the title of the book, a space symbol is used in the middle and the title of the book is used outside.

Xunzi advised him to study, and Nian Nujiao fought in Chibi.

leave out

Ellipsis cannot be used with "etc".

The second generation wireless telephone adopts digital technology, mainly including pan-European digital cordless telephone, personal portable telephone and personal access communication system. , with two-way mutual call and switching performance. (Delete ellipsis)

Generally speaking, the ellipsis at the end of a sentence is omitted together with punctuation marks.

Electronic information, mechatronics, new building materials, biomedicine ... these emerging industries are full of infinite vitality and vitality in China's "Silicon Valley". (Comma should be omitted)

Next, we need to discuss the role of ellipsis, dash and quotation marks again.

I. Omission

Also called ellipsis, it is used to omit the symbols of the original text, which cannot be broken in the middle or used at the beginning of the line.

(a) said omitted

1. means to omit the reference.

Example: She hummed a lullaby gently: "The moon is bright, the wind is calm, and the leaves cover the window lattice ..."

2. It means that the enumeration is omitted.

There is a flower market in Guangzhou, where peonies, bells, daffodils, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, camellia and orchids are crowded together in spring, summer, autumn and winter!

3. Omission of repeated statements

For example: Shalala, Shalala ...

4. Ellipsis indicating the continuation of numbers

The old clock struck dumb ten times, eleven times. ...

(B) said language (psychological) intermittent, thinking jump.

1. means speaking intermittently or mental activity intermittently.

For example, he said, "Brother Q, we poor friends don't care ..." Zhao rolled his eyes as if testing the revolutionary party.

For example, psychology: "She thought nervously: What would he say? Is this a joke? His five children are enough for him ... will he come? ..... No, not yet! ..... Why did you bring them here? ..... He will hit me! That's what I deserve, I deserve it ... well, beat me up! "

2. It means stuttering and awkward.

Exodus: I suddenly became timid and wanted to translate what I had said before. That's true, I don't know. Actually, I don't know if there is a soul. "

3. Said thinking, semantic jump.

Exodus: "Thank God, I finally came back alive. ..... What were you doing at home while I was away? "

(three) said awkward, or unfinished sentences, meaning unfinished.

Example: "You should … study hard … in the future …"

In this sentence, the first two ellipses indicate that the speech is intermittent, and the third ellipsis means no words are omitted. The so-called "implicit ellipsis" means that when a part of a sentence can contain a certain meaning, it is deliberately not written, but expressed by ellipsis, which can give readers a aftertaste and let them realize the meaning of ellipsis. For example, I think I have 10,000 steel needles stuck in my throat, and my voice cries out, "Old monitor, how did you ..." ("Golden fishhook"). In this example, the word omitted by the ellipsis is "Eat fishbone left over by grass roots and patients". Because this content has been explained above, readers who use ellipsis here can fully understand the meaning of ellipsis. Another example: in the middle of the night, he got up in his clothes with tears in his eyes and picked up stationery. ...

(four) said silence, language (rob) absolutely.

In addition, ellipsis can be used in the following ways:

1, indicating silence, speechless:

Example: I don't know when she died. It was about yesterday. Alas, she died a terrible death. Her two children fell asleep beside her. They are too small ... One can't talk yet, and the other can only crawl ... "Sang Na was silent.

Example: What do you mean? "Aunt Mei's body can't stand the bumps on the road!" Ouyang Ping: ...

The latter example belongs to the usage of "sign language silence", that is, when the situation develops to the point where someone speaks and the person does not speak, it can be represented by ellipsis.

2, said language interrupt:

The man in the robe asked, "This is my brother." The answer in the hat.

Dashes can also indicate language interruption, but there are differences between them: dashes indicate that the language stops suddenly, and ellipses indicate that the reverberation is lingering.

3, the words haven't finished, others have already said it.

Example: Kong Yiji opened his eyes wide and said, "How can you defile people's innocence out of thin air ..." "What innocence? I saw with my own eyes what book you stole and hung it up the day before yesterday. "

Second, dashes

Punctuation marks for "broken" and "folded". The so-called "breaking" means suddenly interrupting the dialogue in the sentence; The so-called "folding" is to transfer the meaning to the other side. Therefore, it is its basic usage to express pause, turn and comment.

1, indicating interpretation.

For example, all governments, whether dictatorial or Republican, expelled him.

For example, stepping into the Golden Gate, passing through the Guangfeng Hall and the cloakroom, you will arrive at the central hall, the hub of the building of the Great Hall.

For example, he first pointed out that puppy love is not shameful-it is a very natural and normal phenomenon ... puppy love is not cute-the fruit that bears early is not sweet, and the flowers that bloom early wither.

2. Progressive expression of meaning

For example, every year, especially in times of flood and drought, these porters with connections in Japanese factories …

For example, nature is reading, reading, memorizing-and reciting it.

3, meaning conversion, jumping or turning.

For example, the memory of firewood in the mountains is still happy-although it was a very hard work in childhood.

For example, "delicious food-did you hear the wind?" Zhao Yeqi stood behind seven catties and said.

"It's too hot today! -When are you going to Shanghai? "

I didn't want to go, but my mother-in-law insisted that I visit him again-what's the point!

4, said the extension of the speech.

For example: "Xiao Lin-I'm coming!" He shouted.

For example, we affectionately call in front of the square: Zhou-forever-reason-

It means a big pause or interruption in the speech.

For example, I asked someone who was in Wuxi at that time, but-(indicating that the conversation was interrupted)

For example, "you don't know," uncle said with a smile touching his nose. "When I was young, my nose was as straight as your father's." "That how-"

6. It means to draw out the following and summarize the above.

For example, "The little girl looks like her mother, and my heart is shaking." At present, I have seen the scene of my life in Hu Aishu village ten years ago-"

For example, those who want to win can't win, and those who are not afraid of losing lose-this is the dialectics of competition.

Problems needing attention:

1. Punctuation marks before dashes, if they are periods or commas, can be omitted; If it is a question mark or an exclamation point, it is a reservation. Everyone knows that he is a Lei Feng figure-a good man who only thinks of others.

Love books! -This is the source of knowledge.

2. The difference between dashes and brackets

Dashes are used for more important content, and brackets are used for general content; Comments indicated by dashes should be read together with the text, and brackets indicate that comments cannot be read; Dashes and "yes" and "have" cannot be used at the same time. For example, I laboriously took out the silver dollar with body temperature from the pocket of the undershirt (the company didn't sew any pockets on the undershirt to prevent us from "skimming") and put it in his hand-how thin his hands are! (A Lei's One Side)

3. The difference between a dash and a colon

Using dashes to indicate comments is easy to be confused with using colons to indicate general remarks and sub-remarks, which can be distinguished from two aspects: First, sub-remarks are sub-statements of general remarks, and colons are used, such as: "There are the following programs at the party today: dance, solo, duet, cross talk and acrobatics." If the parts are comments on the general part, use dashes, such as "China's four great inventions-gunpowder, printing, compass and papermaking have made great contributions to the development of world history." Second, where a dash indicates a comment, the comment can be deleted, and the content and form of the sentence are still complete; If a colon indicates that a sentence is always divided, you can't delete the divided part, otherwise the sentence will be incomplete.

Third, quotation marks

Represents the part referenced in the text. The usage of quotation marks is as follows: ① indicates reference; (2) indicates a specific title; (3) emphasize that; (4) irony or negation; (5) means special significance.

(a) point out the parts quoted in the article

In an article, direct quotations from conversations between others, books or characters should be marked with quotation marks to distinguish the quoted words from the author's words. A quotation can be a part of a word, a word, a sentence or all of it. For example:

When talking about the importance of seeking truth from facts and practice, Comrade Deng Xiaoping said humorously, "I am short, so I have to look at the problem from below." That's right. Humorous and profound.

② Alva Wang pointed out in the article "The Relationship between Sociology and Social Psychology": "Social psychology is a subject that studies the influence of social environment on people's thoughts, feelings, attitudes and behaviors."

(3) The adage "All bets are off, but modest gains" has been circulating for at least two thousand years today. (clear: this is also a direct quote. "Total loss, modest benefit" and "this motto" have become appositive compound references and jointly become the subject of "cycle", so there is no need to add other punctuation after the content in double quotation marks is over. )

On the way down the mountain, I don't know who hummed "Gao Shanqing" and "The girl in Alishan is as beautiful as water", but I didn't see the whole tour. (Clearly: this is a declarative sentence, and the author only quoted a lyric of Gao Shanqing as the content of writing, so a comma is added to the quotation marks of the quoted words to form a complete declarative content with other words).

⑤ Modern painter Xu Beihong's horse, as some critics have said, is "full of vigor and vitality." (clear: this sentence is similar to the example 3 mentioned above. Just refer to the location of the content, the former is the "subject" and the latter is the "object")

(2) the emphasized part.

For example, the ancients had a basic requirement for writing articles, which was called "orderly things". "Having something" means having content, and "having order" means being organized.

The stock market has its jargon: when the stock price rises, it is called "bull market", because the eyes of cows always look up; On the contrary, it is called a "bear market" because bears always look down.

The important feature of prose is "scattered in form but not in spirit". The so-called "form dispersion" mainly refers to the extensive and free use of materials in prose, which is not limited by time and space. The so-called "lingering" mainly comes from the conception of prose, that is, the central meaning it wants to express must be clear and concentrated; No matter how extensive the content is and how flexible the expression is, prose is all about expressing the central idea. (clear: the references involved in this paragraph belong to the total score relationship. "altogether"-"the form is scattered but the spirit is not scattered"; "Divide"-"Form is scattered" and "Spirit is not scattered". Therefore, the role of quotation marks here represents the object of important discussion)

(4) Jueying, Juequn and Shi Jue also bought some "Didi Gold", "Gopher" and "Shenjian Book" to set off.

(3) Denying, antonyming, borrowing or satirizing.

For example, books sold in foreign stalls have been transformed into "handed down classics" in China, and readers have been fooled again and again. The spread of this phenomenon is thought-provoking.

It is better to have fewer such "smart people". (clear: the "wise man" with quotation marks here is actually irony, which is called irony in rhetoric. "wise man", that is, "fool")

(4) indicate the specific title and the parts that need to be highlighted.

When some words in an article have special meanings, they are often marked with quotation marks. For example:

Our "big dragonfly" has been flying steadily in the sky. The quotation marks in the sentence indicate that it is not a real dragonfly, but a kite shaped like a dragonfly.

(2) Silkworms are going up the hill. (Spring silkworm) (The word "going up the mountain" is quoted here, which means that it has a specific meaning, especially when the silkworm climbs onto the straw stalk and is ready to spin silk and cocoon)

(5) indicates that it has a special meaning.

For example, looking up from the foot of the mountain, I saw torches arranged in many zigzag patterns, connected to the sky and the stars, and I couldn't tell whether they were torches or stars. (Clearly: the word "Zhi" quoted here actually represents the rhetorical device of "Moxingge", that is, the Panshan Highway is compared to the word "Zhi")

In the era of "staying indoors", human beings can find out how big the distant stars are, how high the temperature is, what elements they have and how to move. (clear: "never leave home" is an idiom, which means never leave home. Describe shallow knowledge and narrow vision. The special meaning given here refers to our ancestors. Although they were not as advanced in science and technology in ancient times as they are today, they can explore some mysteries of the universe from the earth.

Clouds are like signs of weather. What kind of weather will happen when there are clouds hanging in the sky? (Clear: "signboard" originally refers to a sign hanging in front of a store, indicating the name of the store or the goods it deals in, as a sign of the store. The meaning here refers to all kinds of clouds in the sky, and experienced people will know the weather when they see them.

The difference between a specific title and a specific meaning

"Specific appellation" refers to a name or abbreviation that refers to a certain thing or person in a specific language environment and has certain characteristics and plays a prominent and emphasized role. For example, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots actively contributed to the "Hope Project"; When I was a child, there was indeed a Yang Er sister-in-law who sat in the tofu shop across the street all day. Everyone calls her "Tofu Beauty". "Tofu Beauty" is a specific title here, because Madame is a woman selling tofu, and calling her "stone" contains some banter elements. And "special meaning" refers to having another meaning or a new meaning in a specific language environment. For example, what people urgently need is a "fool" like you; Some people see that the "ears of wheat" are full, and they hurry to pick them. The ears of wheat here are no longer the ears of wheat growing in the ground, but point out the opportunities now.

Specific appellations have something in common with the meanings they express; The special meaning is completely different from the original meaning of the words it expresses, so it is called "special" meaning.