Xinxing Middle School in Dongguan City, Gao Shangquan
Candidates over the years have always made many mistakes in the composition of the college entrance examination. For example: 1, unclear examination, deviation from the meaning of the question, low content and so on. 2. The selection of materials is outdated, lacking in analysis, and divorced from viewpoints and topics. 3, the language is naive, the expression is cumbersome, and there is no text. 4, don't repeat words, scribble, ugly. 5, lack of innovation, one thousand people, and so on.
If we sincerely face the writing ability of most students, I think there are some more basic and necessary problems worth studying and some smaller and more effective work worth doing.
So here, I want to mention a small problem that most teachers and students may not pay much attention to at ordinary times, that is, the problem of learning segmentation, and talk about some methods that I can guide students to segment in my usual composition teaching, so as to make the structure clear and encourage you.
Writing a composition, in the final analysis, is a kind of thinking activity, so we must pay attention to understanding, organizing and expressing clearly. Shown in the content of the article, it is a sentence that the author wants to tell readers; In the form of the article, it is a question of paragraph structure.
Middle school students' thinking level and ability to master language and writing are limited. They should learn to divide paragraphs and write more short articles, so that the content of each paragraph is more concentrated and clear, and the meaning flows naturally and smoothly, so that readers can understand it easily and clearly.
When we write a composition, there are three simple segmentation methods. The first is to segment according to the expression. along with
2. How to write a composition How to write a composition for primary school students, how to write a good composition, and grasp the writing of primary school students as a whole. First, improve the ability to understand and express things.
Mr. Ye Shengtao, a famous educator in China, pointed out: "Writing anything depends on knowledge and experience. What kind of knowledge and experience can make you write something. On the other hand, if you don't have the ability to express understanding, you can't write a good composition. "
Second, take the cognitive structure as the core of the composition, including learning knowledge, observing accumulation, memory storage, training thinking, enriching imagination, cultivating emotion and exercising will; From talking about writing, scrutinizing and revising, reading more books and writing more. Third, establish the concept of big composition and combine listening, speaking, reading and writing organically. The second is to make clear the purpose of writing and be innovative; Third, the selection of materials should be based on evidence; Fourth, we should pay attention to writing skills and arrange the structure of the article; Fifth, we should pay attention to the segmentation of the article and list the subheadings and composition outlines in advance; Sixth, we should pay attention to the writing and usage of the article; Seventh, we should use language skillfully and use thought to schedule language.
Learn five ways to conceive: praise people with things, express their feelings directly, reason with things, touch the scene and express their feelings with things. Fourth, the composition goal is decomposed year by year: first-level words, second-level sentences, third-level fragments, fourth-level chapters, fifth-level synthesis and sixth-level improvement.
According to the principle that cognition is the core of composition, around the core of developing students' psychological mechanism, five exercises are carried out in a down-to-earth manner: (1) word training. Learn to master many words.
Master the golden key to using words: contact with things you are familiar with; Contact your own life reality; Contact your knowledge of language and writing. Use the method of "ten quotations" to combine word learning with oral training.
The "Top Ten Quotations" are: 1, analyzing glyphs; 2. Use teaching AIDS; 3. Look at the pictures and learn words; 4. Word formation and expansion; 5. Choose words to fill in the blanks; 6. collocation of words; 7. Adjust the word order; 8. Words used to move the scene; 9. Word classification; 10, conjunctions into sentences. Enrich the content of oral training, so that I can accumulate a large number of words that I can speak and use, and lay a solid foundation for writing.
(2) Sentence training. As long as it is a sentence, it includes two aspects: one is about people, things, things and scenery, and the other is about purpose.
However, some teachers do not use pictures and things to seriously teach students the methods of observation, understanding, analysis and expression when instructing students to say a sentence. They just take out a picture or something for students to say and write a sentence. Students don't know why to say and write a sentence, how to say and write a sentence, and what sentence patterns to say and write, which leads to a single, dull and lifeless composition tone. Students can be taught to speak and write a sentence with four complete elements, four sentence patterns and nine sentence patterns, according to pictures, things, dialogues and exercises.
Students will use different sentence patterns and sentence patterns to express different thoughts, feelings, attitudes and purposes in their compositions. (3) Paragraph training.
Combination of eight segments: the development of things is a sequential segment, time is a sequential segment, and spatial transformation is a sequential segment, a general and substructure segment, a causal segment, a turning segment, a progressive segment, and a parallel segment. In order to understand the law of occurrence and development of objective things.
No matter what kind of paragraph, it describes the development of things and people's understanding of things, that is, the content and the center of the paragraph. Like a sentence, it is also a description of people, things, things and scenery, and it also expresses a meaning.
Just to make a sentence clearer and deeper. (4) Text training.
A chapter consists of paragraphs. Through the knowledge and methods of examining topics, making ideas, selecting materials, planning articles, defining methods and terms, through the four expression methods of narration, description, lyricism and discussion, the methods of beginning and end of articles, transition and echo, and the knowledge and methods of various article genres.
Learn to write narrative and practical articles with clear center, complete meaning and appropriate details. (5), life on-site training.
Use on-site training to better understand writing from the content. Through various composition teaching activities such as "centering", "selecting materials", "composition consultation meeting", "Xiao Zhuge grade examination meeting" and "wonderful word competition meeting", we can learn composition knowledge and writing methods vividly and concretely from the activities.
In addition, you can also carry out various activities inside and outside the school, such as skipping rope, tug-of-war, kicking shuttlecock, ball games, endorsement competitions, etc., and learn how to write competition compositions; Carry out voluntary labor inside and outside the school and learn how to write labor scenes; Hold poetry recitals and lectures to learn how to write conference scenes and experiences; Learn how to write travel notes and travel notes by visiting and browsing places of interest. Learn to observe methods and pay attention to things around you. "Pay attention to everything and you will learn. The cultivation of human feelings is the article."
Through on-site life composition, I further realized that life is fertile ground for composition. So as to learn something, express the true feelings, cultivate the sentiments of truth, goodness and beauty, and cultivate a good style of writing.
Implement "mutual evaluation and mutual reform" to cultivate students' thinking independence and creativity. After students write their compositions, organize group comments.
Learn the advantages of other people's compositions first, and then point out the shortcomings in their own compositions with critical eyes and suggestions for improvement. Rewrite on this basis, so that students can learn something from each article they write.
Writing an honest self "writing an honest self" is what the old educator Mr. Ye Shengtao said. It aims to create a colorful "independent" composition world.
The so-called "autonomy" means that students are free to think and write without being restricted by rules and regulations. "Independent" composition means "speaking from the heart", acting spontaneously, showing self-style, and embodying distinctive personality.
We should break away from the old composition teaching method, let students write in an "independent" state, shed affectation and imitation, give them fresh imagination and rich creativity, and what is waiting to be harvested will be colorful colors, fresh fruits and full of vitality. When writing, it often happens in the classroom: some students are exhausted and pour out what they want to say in a few words, which is shriveled; Some students are full of thoughts, and if there is running water in their minds, or gurgling, or ups and downs, their works are eloquent.
The reason is, of course, closely related to the adequacy of writing materials. However, another important factor must not be ignored, that is, how well imagination is played. According to the research of modern brain physiology, the human brain can be divided into four functional parts, namely, perception part, judgment part, storage part and imagination part.
Just a lot.
3. Writing a paragraph has many advantages, which can make the meaning of the text clearer and not misleading; At the same time, after the paragraphs are clear, the levels are more orderly.
Since segmentation is so important, children must write in segments. When subdividing, we should grasp the following principles:
(1) fragments should be connected with each other to form a whole. Just like bamboo "knots", one section is connected with another and cannot be interrupted.
(2) Each paragraph should have a central idea and be complete and independent.
(3) The sentences in each paragraph are more or less infinite. As long as a central idea is fully expressed, it can be a paragraph of its own.
(4) Each paragraph has only one central idea and cannot contain too much meaning. If it is irrelevant or inconsistent with the central idea, it is better to write another paragraph.
(5) In order to make the subsection statement more clear, clear and eye-catching, sometimes the dialogue in the composition can be a paragraph of its own. This situation is most common in stories and novels.
4. How to write a composition How to write a composition for primary school students, how to write a good composition, and grasp the writing of primary school students as a whole. First, improve the ability to understand and express things.
Mr. Ye Shengtao, a famous educator in China, pointed out: "Writing anything depends on knowledge and experience. What kind of knowledge and experience can make you write something. On the other hand, if you don't have the ability to express understanding, you can't write a good composition. "
Second, take the cognitive structure as the core of the composition, including learning knowledge, observing accumulation, memory storage, training thinking, enriching imagination, cultivating emotion and exercising will; From talking about writing, scrutinizing and revising, reading more books and writing more. Third, establish the concept of big composition and combine listening, speaking, reading and writing organically. The second is to make clear the purpose of writing and be innovative; Third, the selection of materials should be based on evidence; Fourth, we should pay attention to writing skills and arrange the structure of the article; Fifth, we should pay attention to the segmentation of the article and list the subheadings and composition outlines in advance; Sixth, we should pay attention to the writing and usage of the article; Seventh, we should use language skillfully and use thought to schedule language.
Learn five ways to conceive: praise people with things, express their feelings directly, reason with things, touch the scene and express their feelings with things. Fourth, the composition goal is decomposed year by year: first-level words, second-level sentences, third-level fragments, fourth-level chapters, fifth-level synthesis and sixth-level improvement.
According to the principle that cognition is the core of composition, around the core of developing students' psychological mechanism, five exercises are carried out in a down-to-earth manner: (1) word training. Learn to master many words.
Master the golden key to using words: contact with things you are familiar with; Contact your own life reality; Contact your knowledge of language and writing. Use the method of "ten quotations" to combine word learning with oral training.
The "Top Ten Quotations" are: 1, analyzing glyphs; 2. Use teaching AIDS; 3. Look at the pictures and learn words; 4. Word formation and expansion; 5. Choose words to fill in the blanks; 6. collocation of words; 7. Adjust the word order; 8. Words used to move the scene; 9. Word classification; 10, conjunctions into sentences. Enrich the content of oral training, so that I can accumulate a large number of words that I can speak and use, and lay a solid foundation for writing.
(2) Sentence training. As long as it is a sentence, it includes two aspects: one is about people, things, things and scenery, and the other is about purpose.
However, some teachers do not use pictures and things to seriously teach students the methods of observation, understanding, analysis and expression when instructing students to say a sentence. They just take out a picture or something for students to say and write a sentence. Students don't know why to say and write a sentence, how to say and write a sentence, and what sentence patterns to say and write, which leads to a single, dull and lifeless composition tone. Students can be taught to speak and write a sentence with four complete elements, four sentence patterns and nine sentence patterns, according to pictures, things, dialogues and exercises.
Students will use different sentence patterns and sentence patterns to express different thoughts, feelings, attitudes and purposes in their compositions. (3) Paragraph training.
Combination of eight segments: the development of things is a sequential segment, time is a sequential segment, and spatial transformation is a sequential segment, a general and substructure segment, a causal segment, a turning segment, a progressive segment, and a parallel segment. In order to understand the law of occurrence and development of objective things.
No matter what kind of paragraph, it describes the development of things and people's understanding of things, that is, the content and the center of the paragraph. Like a sentence, it is also a description of people, things, things and scenery, and it also expresses a meaning.
Just to make a sentence clearer and deeper. (4) Text training.
A chapter consists of paragraphs. Through the knowledge and methods of examining topics, making ideas, selecting materials, planning articles, defining methods and terms, through the four expression methods of narration, description, lyricism and discussion, the methods of beginning and end of articles, transition and echo, and the knowledge and methods of various article genres.
Learn to write narrative and practical articles with clear center, complete meaning and appropriate details. (5), life on-site training.
Use on-site training to better understand writing from the content. Through various composition teaching activities such as "centering", "selecting materials", "composition consultation meeting", "Xiao Zhuge grade examination meeting" and "wonderful word competition meeting", we can learn composition knowledge and writing methods vividly and concretely from the activities.
In addition, you can also carry out various activities inside and outside the school, such as skipping rope, tug-of-war, kicking shuttlecock, ball games, endorsement competitions, etc., and learn how to write competition compositions; Carry out voluntary labor inside and outside the school and learn how to write labor scenes; Hold poetry recitals and lectures to learn how to write conference scenes and experiences; Learn how to write travel notes and travel notes by visiting and browsing places of interest. Learn to observe methods and pay attention to things around you. "Pay attention to everything and you will learn. The cultivation of human feelings is the article."
Through on-site life composition, I further realized that life is fertile ground for composition. So as to learn something, express the true feelings, cultivate the sentiments of truth, goodness and beauty, and cultivate a good style of writing.
Implement "mutual evaluation and mutual reform" to cultivate students' thinking independence and creativity. After students write their compositions, organize group comments.
Learn the advantages of other people's compositions first, and then point out the shortcomings in their own compositions with critical eyes and suggestions for improvement. Rewrite on this basis, so that students can learn something from each article they write.
Writing an honest self "writing an honest self" is what the old educator Mr. Ye Shengtao said. It aims to create a colorful "independent" composition world.
The so-called "autonomy" means that students are free to think and write without being restricted by rules and regulations. "Independent" composition means "speaking from the heart", acting spontaneously, showing self-style, and embodying distinctive personality.
We should break away from the old composition teaching method, let students write in an "independent" state, shed affectation and imitation, give them fresh imagination and rich creativity, and what is waiting to be harvested will be colorful colors, fresh fruits and full of vitality. When writing, it often happens in the classroom: some students are exhausted and pour out what they want to say in a few words, which is shriveled; Some students are full of thoughts, and if there is running water in their minds, or gurgling, or ups and downs, their works are eloquent.
The reason is, of course, closely related to the adequacy of writing materials. However, another important factor must not be ignored, that is, how well imagination is played. According to the research of modern brain physiology, the human brain can be divided into four functional parts, namely, perception part, judgment part, storage part and imagination part.
5. How to segment a writing? How to segment an article? There are several standards and guidelines:
1, segmented according to the process of the written event, that is, segmented according to the beginning, development, * * * and end of the event.
2. In chronological order, write down what happened first, then what happened, then what happened, and finally what happened.
3. According to the place where the written event happened, divide the things that happened in one place into fragments independently; Then divide what happened in place B into sections; What happened in the third place is also divided into one section. ...
4. Divide each situation into independent segments according to the activities of the characters.
5. According to the change of scenery, take the change of scenery as the basis of segmentation, especially when writing travel notes, with the change of station position, the scenery you see is also changing, so you should write it in segments.
6. The change of the author's description angle is also the basis of segmentation. Writing a thing, a person and a scene from this angle should be divided into paragraphs, and writing the same person and the same scene from another angle should also be divided into paragraphs. 7, in the narrative interspersed with longer lyric or argument, can be independent into paragraphs. In addition, besides these seven principles, the genre and content of the article also play a certain role in segmentation. It depends on the specific situation. It is necessary for us to master the principle of segmentation. The quality of an article is directly related to the success of subdivision. If the segmentation is correct, the layering of the article will be strong; If the score is not good, the article is like a mess. After reading it, I can't figure out the clue and can't tell the weight. The knowledge and skills of segmentation determine the structure and directly affect the success or failure of article layout. It is necessary for us to master the principle of segmentation. The quality of an article is directly related to the success of subdivision. If the segmentation is correct, the layering of the article will be strong; If the score is not good, the article is like a mess. After reading it, I can't figure out the clue and can't tell the weight. The knowledge and skills of segmentation determine the structure and directly affect the success or failure of article layout. Nowadays, many students' compositions, no matter what the content and how many words are, are all "syllogism", which are segmented on the basis of "beginning", "middle" and "end". We say this is unscientific, because the "middle" part is huge, and it contains a lot of content. How can you put it all in one paragraph? It is urgent to learn how to divide sections, get out of the "three-stage" cycle and increase the layering of the article.
6. Record the things around the students in junior high school. 800 words are nobody around me.
Speaking of the ordinary, its light is always dim, which reminds us of some little people around us. They are not famous celebrities and great men; They are not stars on the red carpet; They are not the most important people in the media. However, they are doing some great things silently, ordinary and great. Speaking of which, are there ripples in your mind? Busy workers walking back and forth in the street in the morning, middle-aged workers rushing around for our environment with brooms, and cleaners working day and night.
I also have a cleaner with me. In the eyes of others, she is very light, as light as an ant on the ground. She won't be noticed. Maybe when people pass by, they don't look at her and always point at her. She paid, paid her precious time. She did it, and she worked hard, but what she got was not admiring eyes, but unreasonable abuse and contempt.
I remember my sister and I went out for a run early in the morning. It's not completely bright yet, and it's foggy in the distance, so it's difficult to see the road ahead clearly. It's winter now, so it's not surprising that there is fog. I couldn't help shivering and jogging with my sister. At the destination, you can see a cleaning aunt cleaning up the garbage on foot in the distance. Her body trembled slightly in the fog, a few drops of dew were still stuck on her blue overalls, and several wrinkles climbed up her old face. Every place she has been is spotless. But she was still sweeping the street in such a cold morning. I stopped and sighed. This disappointing tear is spinning in my eyes. Shouldn't people sleep comfortably in a warm bed in such a cold day? But the person in front of me, she didn't, she thought for us, she did it for us, and she wanted us to grow up happily in a clean environment. I gave up my interest without any regrets and worked silently. I didn't turn around and go home until she disappeared at the end of the intersection.
She is ordinary, her work is ordinary, but her deeds are great, her personality is noble, she thinks for others, she does for others, and the cleaner has her great and extraordinary deeds!
7. How to make children learn to paragraph in a short article? 1. Parents should understand the requirements of reading teaching in primary schools.
Reading ability refers to children's ability to read books and newspapers. For different grades, the requirements are different. In primary school, to cultivate children's initial reading ability, they can read relatively simple books and newspapers suitable for age characteristics.
Reading ability is a comprehensive ability. The reading ability of primary school students mainly refers to the ability to read words and understand ideological content. The specific performance is as follows:
1, literacy. Can read, write and use;
2. Ability to understand ideas, words, sentences and chapters. Children are required not only to understand the words and meanings expressed in the article, but also to divide the levels of paragraphs, and to summarize the meanings and central ideas of paragraphs, with preliminary analysis and generalization ability;
3. Be able to read the text correctly, fluently and emotionally, and then read the text silently more skillfully;
4. Ability to use reference books. When reading unfamiliar words and meanings, you can solve them by looking them up in a dictionary.
Children should develop good reading habits from an early age. When reading, they should read, think and tick. Good habits can benefit children for life, while bad habits may harm children for life. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the cultivation of children's good reading habits.
Second, the method of guiding children to read the text
British biologist Darwin said: "The most valuable thing is the knowledge about methods." Children who master the method are like getting a "golden key" to open the treasure house of knowledge, which can be used for life. Therefore, parents should pay attention to teaching their children reading methods in reading. Children often feel at a loss when they get an article. After a cursory reading, they thought they had finished reading it. This kind of reading is invalid, and their reading ability cannot be improved as soon as possible.
So, how to guide children to read a text? The first step is to let the children recognize the text and read it through two or three times to understand the general idea of the article as a whole. Parents should urge their children to look up words they don't know or understand. The second step is to let the children read the text carefully. Let children understand the content of the text through their own brains, words and hands, and try to segment and summarize the meaning of the text. The third step is to let the children read the text intensively. On the basis of understanding the content of the text, I can determine the key paragraphs by myself, focus on understanding, extract from them and get the central idea of the article. Step four, let the children answer the questions at the end of the book, write preview notes and have their own comments on the article. After reading the text, you can ask the teacher and others questions you don't understand.
Through the above process, children will understand that reading an article requires not only understanding the sentences, but also understanding what the article is written about, how to write it, and why to write it this way, thus cultivating children's analytical and generalization skills.
Third, cultivate children's habit of reading good thoughts and writing hard.
Children should develop the reading habit of reading more, thinking more and writing more from an early age. The content of the article is expressed in language. Only by reading can we turn the silent language into spoken language and express the story of the characters described in the language.
Learning is expensive and doubtful. Thinking always starts with problems. Only when children have doubts in their studies can they have a strong desire to explore and solve problems actively and be creative. Parents should be enthusiastic about this. For example, after learning the text "A Parachute", the child asked Premier Zhou why he gave his umbrella bag to others. This problem is the center of this article. By solving this problem, we have mastered the center of this article-Premier Zhou gave the hope of life to others and left the danger of death to himself at the critical moment when the plane was in distress. This kind of positive thinking not only grasps the content of the text, but also understands the author's expression. Guiding children to read in this way often helps to improve their reading ability.
8. How to segment junior high school composition Any article should be divided into several paragraphs, and each paragraph has its own relatively independent content and center. It is like a skyscraper, consisting of various floors; It is like a supermarket, made up of all kinds of goods; It is like a computer, which is made up of various parts.
What are paragraphs made of? It consists of several sentences, which are combined to express a more complete meaning and form a paragraph. There are several standards and guidelines on how to segment articles: 1. Segmentation is the process according to the written event, that is, the beginning, development, * * and end of the event.
2. In chronological order, write down what happened first, then what happened, then what happened, and finally what happened. 3. According to the place where the written event happened, divide the things that happened in one place into fragments independently; Then divide what happened in place B into sections; What happened in the third place is also divided into a section ... 4. Divide the scene into independent parts according to the activities of the role.
5. According to the change of scenery, take the change of scenery as the basis of segmentation, especially when writing travel notes, with the change of station position, the scenery you see is also changing, so you should write it in segments. 6. The change of the author's description angle is also the basis of segmentation.
Writing a thing, a person and a scene from this angle should be divided into paragraphs, and writing the same person and the same scene from another angle should also be divided into paragraphs. 7, in the narrative interspersed with longer lyric or argument, can be independent into paragraphs.
In addition, besides these seven principles, the genre and content of the article also play a certain role in segmentation. It depends on the specific situation.
It is necessary for us to master the principle of segmentation. The quality of an article is directly related to the success of subdivision.
If the segmentation is correct, the layering of the article will be strong; If the score is not good, the article is like a mess. After reading it, I can't figure out the clue and can't tell the weight. The knowledge and skills of segmentation determine the structure and directly affect the success or failure of article layout.
Nowadays, many students' compositions, no matter what the content and how many words are, are all "syllogism", which are segmented on the basis of "beginning", "middle" and "end". We say this is unscientific, because the "middle" part is huge, and it contains a lot of content. How can you put it all in one paragraph? It is urgent to learn how to divide sections, get out of the "three-stage" cycle and increase the layering of the article.
9. Segmentation of the article: Segmentation of the article requires understanding, analysis, induction and comprehensive participation, which is a routine activity of thinking training for students in reading teaching. Especially from the third grade, with the growth of students' age and the gradual maturity of cognitive psychology, the outline stipulates the tasks of reading training in the third grade in a piecewise summary way. Grasping this key point and completing this task purposefully and planned in peacetime and review is the basic way for students to improve their overall reading level. On a large scale, although students' ability to divide paragraphs has been trained in the third grade, few students can divide paragraphs independently and accurately in a relatively short time when they get a paragraph or an article. Some students simply think that natural paragraphs are paragraphs, confusing the boundaries between natural paragraphs and meaningful paragraphs; Some mechanically cut off the beginning, middle and end of the article and divide it into the third paragraph. As we know, segmentation is an important reading thinking process based on the overall understanding of the content of the article, understanding the author's ideas, and following the author's ideas, understanding the article paragraph by paragraph. Therefore, from the whole to the part, and finally back to the whole, is the basis that segmentation should follow.
Can you solve your problem?