(A) correctly determine the central argument

Correctly determine the central argument, that is, write an argumentative essay, that is, an argument or an idea that is often said. Argumentative writing and topic selection are two inseparable aspects in argumentative writing. Topic selection is the basis of argumentation, and argumentation is the ideological sublimation of topic selection. If the main purpose of multiple-choice questions is to ask questions, choose the direction to discuss the composition; Then argumentation is to put forward the conclusion and conclusion to solve the problem after thinking and brewing. In the essay examination, topic selection is the premise of writing, and argumentation is the key and difficult point of writing. The central argument of an article is determined and can play an important role in the whole article. The basic requirements for determining the central point of a successful application composition are pertinence, accuracy, novelty and foresight.

1. become the target.

Any argumentative paper should be highly targeted. The so-called pertinence mainly refers to being able to be targeted, criticize the shortcomings of the times, face contradictions directly, help people correctly understand some things, produce positive social effects, and help solve contradictions. Instead of moaning, boasting, playing word games, stereotyped writing.

The pertinence of examination arguments should mainly be the discussion of the main problems caused by given data. In view of the main problems reflected by the data, put forward their own views, correctly guide public opinion and guide practice, or put forward ideas and methods to solve the problems. It should be pointed out that the argument is the "main problem", not the solution and practice of the problem.

For example, residents of xx village in xx city, xx province sued the noise pollution of xx printing house in the application review in 2000, which reflected the contradiction between economic development and environmental protection. In view of this "main problem", we can put forward our own views to discuss. For example, some candidates take "on the coordinated development of economy and society" as the topic, and put forward the view that economy and environment should develop in a coordinated way in view of similar problems reflected in the data and common in society, which is highly targeted and thought-provoking.

Step 2 be accurate

After finding the right question, the first is accuracy. If the argument violates the accuracy, it will lose people's trust, and even directly lead to confusion in people's thoughts and actions, resulting in wrong public opinion orientation. The accuracy of the argument is mainly reflected in the following aspects.

(1) The concept and judgment should be accurate. Incorrect concepts can easily lead to ambiguity, and inaccurate judgments can easily lead to ideological confusion. For example, the word "boss" has become quite popular in recent years. Not only the managers of private enterprises are called bosses, but also the leading cadres of state-owned enterprises and even boudoir organs are called "bosses". In fact, the concept of "boss" has its special meaning. In the old society, employees called the owners of factories and shops bosses. Today's reform and opening up, even if this title can be used, it is only suitable for private enterprise bosses. Obviously, it is not suitable for managers of state-owned enterprises, and it is not suitable for leading cadres of state organs. This concept has been confused in society, leading some leaders of state-owned enterprises and state organs to mistakenly regard themselves as overbearing bosses, while the working people have no status at all. This will inevitably dilute the nature of state-owned enterprises, the status of workers as masters, and the relationship between managers and producers, public servants and masters.

Another example is a newspaper boasting about its concept update; Avant-garde thinking, put forward the conclusion that market economy should be "how to make money", and these arguments of "doing big things with big profits, doing small things with small profits, and doing nothing without benefits" ignore the premise and conditions of argument, which is easy to cause people's ideological confusion, obvious inaccuracy and even extreme error. Just imagine, can you earn some money that harms national dignity, violates party discipline and state laws, and ignores social morality? Obviously, it is inconsistent with the thought of "Three Benefits" and "Theory of Three Represents". "Big profits do big things, small profits do small things, and no profits do nothing" are specious views, which are untenable as arguments.

(2) The formulation and expression should have a "degree". Many things in the world are difficult to grasp the "degree". In order to make an accurate argument, we must also master the "degree" in written expression and expression. If we emphasize one aspect of contradiction in isolation, it will easily lead to one-sidedness. If someone puts forward that "knowledge is talent", this sentence is actually inaccurate. There are all kinds of talents, such as those with skills and artistic talent, which are not necessarily related to knowledge. It should be? People who are useful to national construction are all talents.

(3) Abide by laws and regulations. No argument can violate the constitution, laws and regulations of the country. In particular, public servants should consciously safeguard the dignity of the law, not to do anything that violates the law, and not to make statements that violate the law.

(4) Don't cry roast meat. During the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, slogans such as "I'm afraid I can't do it, I'm afraid I can't think of it" and "How bold people are and how productive the land is" were widely circulated. These theories are divorced from reality, violate the laws of social and natural development, are the products of being caught in the quagmire of grandiose unrealistic and subjective idealism, and have done great harm to China's socialist construction. Therefore, in order to make an accurate argument, we must abandon all exaggerated elements.

(5) Be logical. A man wrote an article during the fight against SARS. Want to publish it in the newspaper. The title of the article is "Predictable Research on sars Virus", and the article accuses the medical department of not conducting preventive research on SARS virus before the occurrence of SARS. This is obviously illogical. Because sars virus is a new virus that has just been discovered, it is impossible to study it before it appears. So this manuscript was naturally returned. Therefore, only logical argument can be accurate.

Step 3 look ahead

The so-called foresight refers to the scientific prediction of the development and outcome of contradictions, so as to stand in front of the trend of the times, guide public opinion and promote social development. To be forward-looking, we must have a keen sense of smell, be able to see the essence of things through phenomena and the root of things from the surface; You also need insight and foresight, to be able to see the existing contradictions, to predict the upcoming contradictions in time, to discover the internal laws and development trends of things as soon as possible, and to imagine solutions and ways.

4. Be bright and original

The arguments put forward should be clear-cut, what is in favor of and what is against, and make your own views clear, and never be ambiguous or ambiguous. At the same time, the argument should be innovative, unique and novel. For example, 199 1 1 4 People's Daily >; & gt There is a short article about a living example. A farmer did not go to see a doctor during his daughter's illness, but went to a witch to play tricks and burned her alive. The title of the article is "Getting rid of poverty spiritually". This topic raises a question.

A novel topic: At the same time of material poverty alleviation, we should also strengthen the construction of spiritual civilization in rural areas and let farmers "get rid of poverty spiritually". This view is very clear. Novelty has aroused widespread concern in society.

(2) Learn the skills of topic selection.

Most of the argumentative essays for the examination require independent topics. The title is the eye of the article, and a good title can make the article "move the whole body with one hair", "convey the spirit with the eyes" and "convey the feelings with the eyes", thus arousing the interest in marking. It can also make readers understand the content and views of the article at a glance, be attracted and moved, and have the desire to read the whole article. For example, in a national film festival, the famous actor Gong Li won two awards. A newspaper reported on the topic of "Golden Rooster Award, Hundred Flowers Award Award Announced-Gong Li has a chicken in his left hand and a flower in his right hand". Cleverly used the familiar "Back to Mom's Home"; & gt Folk songs are elegant in content and interesting to read. For another example, after the central government put forward the strategic call to revitalize the old industrial base in Northeast China, Shenyang's equipment manufacturing industry developed rapidly, laying a solid foundation for Shenyang to become an advanced equipment manufacturing industry. March 3, 2004. Shenyang Daily used the word "hit"

Create a dazzling business card in Shenyang-the rapid development of Shenyang equipment manufacturing industry in 2003. The title of the article is apt and concrete, with profound metaphor and vivid thought-provoking, so that all those who care about the revitalization of Northeast China can't help reading it.

1. Title requirements

Practice has proved that good article titles are apt, concrete, vivid, vivid and refined.

(1) is appropriate. The so-called appropriate is perfect and just right. The title is appropriate and has three meanings.

The first layer means that the title should be consistent. That is, the expression of the topic (refining the central argument, summarizing the scope of the topic, and expressing the attitude tendency) should be consistent with the content of the article and cannot be misplaced. For example, a reporter used

The second meaning is to use words accurately and appropriately. The words used in the title should be accurate and appropriate, and you should not read the meaning of the text, let alone use words indiscriminately. For example, some newspapers often equate the words legal person and legal representative. In fact, these are two completely different legal terms. A legal person is not a "person", but an organization with civil rights and capacity, enjoying independent civil rights and assuming civil obligations according to law, not a specific individual.

The third meaning is that the meaning of the question should be accurate and appropriate, and there should be no ambiguity or misunderstanding.

(2) concrete. The so-called concrete, that is, the title should not be too vague, but should have actual content. Even if it is a major theme, the title should be as specific as possible.

For example, in 1948, a conference on secondary education was held in the Liberated Area of North China, and Xinhua News Agency published an editorial about secondary education. Comrade Mao Zedong found the content vague after reading it, so he circled the original question and drew up another topic: < < Restoring and developing middle school education is a major political task at present. . Mao Zedong also recognized such a sentence: "The title of each paper must also have content. The title has no content and can't attract attention. " It can be seen that the topic of an argumentative essay should be as specific as possible and have actual content.

(3) distinctive. The so-called bright, that is, the attitude indicated by the index questions should be bright and eye-catching. What to advocate and what to oppose; What to praise and criticize is clear at a glance. Make clear your position, viewpoint, attitude and tendency. Such as "absurd" science-refuting "computer fortune telling" and

(4) refining. The so-called refinement means that the topic should use short sentences and concise words to clarify the scope of the topic and express the central argument of the article. There is also a lot of humor and sharpness. There are many concise titles in modern and contemporary current affairs reviews. Such as Soldiers and Flies by Lu Xun, Disgusting Imitation by Zou Taofen, Opposing stereotyped Party writing by Mao Zedong, and transforming our study. It is worth learning.

(5) vivid. That is, the title of the article should be vivid, vivid and infectious. Vivid headlines can "move the whole body with one hair", giving the article new ideas and vitality, which makes people unforgettable. The main methods to make the title vivid are:

1) Flexible use of idioms, proverbs and common sayings. Introducing some idioms, proverbs and common sayings into the title can not only make the title concise, but also make the title unique. Such as "Sincerely Arrive, Stone Opens the Door", "Cite but Not Send", "Unique scenery here" and "On Mr. New South China".

When you quote idioms, proverbs and common sayings as titles, you can quote them directly. With the public's understanding of these words, you can understand the things and problems to be analyzed. You can also change the quotation, make subtle changes to the text, change the meaning of the text to a certain extent, and give the text new connotation. For example, some authors wrote that when some leaders caused great losses to enterprises due to mistakes in decision-making, they borrowed the idiom "a promise is as good as a thousand dollars"; Changing it to "a mistake is a thousand dollars" shows that a word and a decision made by the leader are of great significance to the survival and development of the enterprise and left a deep impression on people.

2) Sentences with changeable titles. You can turn a declarative sentence into a display sentence, a question sentence or an exclamation sentence, so that the title is full of strong feelings. For example, "will economic development inevitably sacrifice the environment?" "Friendship" or aggression? "If you don't discipline yourself first, how can you discipline others?" And so on.

3) Rhetoric can be used. Use the rhetorical methods of metaphor, analogy, metonymy, pun, contrast and Julian in modern Chinese to make headlines. Such as trees, forests and climate >:> Desert, the expansion of the stability of civilization >; ); In the market competition, write "there are pacesetters before, and pursuers after"; Write the rhyme of concept difference "the opposite direction and the difference between north and south"; & gt wait a minute.

2. Type and format of title

(1) Title type. The titles of informative argumentative essays can be roughly divided into three types:

1) Concluding title. Such as "genius comes from diligence", "man knows himself", "practice makes true knowledge", "man needs to be United", "don't suppress students' creativity" and "it is not advisable to seek perfection and blame". These topics directly tell people a truth.

2) Conceptual topics. For example, talk about determination, success and struggle, contribution and demand, ideas, quality education, vocational education and so on. This kind of topic appears in the form of nouns or phrases, which provides a concept for the author to elaborate and expand.

3) Question-based questions. Such as "Is money everything?" ; "Does opportunity make talents?" "Is diploma equal to ability?" "What is the real happiness in life?" "What is the difference between the reform of boudoir enterprises?" Wait a minute. Such topics can be answered by articles or refuted by rhetorical questions.

(2) the format of the title. Commonly used title formats mainly include the following:

1) Cut to the chase. That is, directly point out the meaning of the question, so that readers can see the content of the article and the author's point of view at a glance.

This is the most commonly used way to raise topics in argumentative writing. There are three situations that can be cut to the chase: one is to order onions directly, such as Talking about Entrepreneurship 9, Talking about Ideas >>, Talking about Clean Government, Talking about Success and so on; Second, some facts, such as the revelation of the rise and fall of "fool melon seeds", what is it like to be so ostentatious, and the inspiration of the spaceship, what does the Wenzhou house purchasing group show when it sweeps across half of China? The third is to quote the original words of the other party as the title, such as "On Fu Yi Yi should walk slowly" and "Do you care?" ","What is idolized pursuit? " "and so on.

2) reference. That is, directly quote ancient and modern famous sayings, aphorisms, fables, allusions and so on. Such as the title of the book, such as "The scenery here is unique"; & gt Talk about "citing but not sending", "friendship between gentlemen", "Mr. Southland" and so on.

3) metaphor. The metaphor title is vivid, vivid and novel. For example, if you plant a buttonwood tree, you won't worry about golden phoenix, which means improving the investment environment and attracting foreign investment.

4) imitation. That is, on the basis of people's familiar language, new appellations are created by homophonic or slightly modified. If someone comments on the titles of domestic movies according to the lyrics of the TV series Desire, I want to say that I was so confused and had strange and ingenious ideas. Another example is the title of Lu Xun's essay "Life Literacy Begins with Confusion", which was transformed from Su Shi's sentence "Life Literacy Begins with Worry".

5) unexpected. Just like a war, you can break the rules and win by surprise. For example, the title of an essay by Lu Xun is

(3) Learn the proper layout of the essay.

The so-called layout of the article is actually the idea of the article to be written. What is the framework of the article? What level should I write? What to write first and then what to write? What kind of argument is used in the middle and so on. The correct layout should pay attention to the following points:

1. Focus on the theme

In order to make the article clear, there must be a main line running through the whole article, which is the theme of the article. Theme is the soul of the article and the concrete embodiment of the author's thoughts and opinions. Therefore, the whole conception and layout of the article must closely revolve around the theme of the paper. As the famous French painter Miller said, the so-called conception refers to the art of passing on one's own thoughts to others. How to pass it on to others, we must use our brains to plan. This article is very important.

2. The structure should be complete and unified.

In the process of conception, sometimes several writing schemes may appear; Sometimes you have to write in the order of time j hectares; Sometimes it should be written in the order of geographical space/space, but more often it should be written in accordance with the logical relationship, that is, according to the internal relations and laws of things and the logic of scientific research and understanding of things. But in either case, it should be coherent, complete, unified and reasonable. In this case, comparison is needed. Comparatively speaking, with the deepening of thinking, writing thinking will go through a process from complex to simple, from complex to clear clues. At this time, we should seize the opportunity of epiphany and decide on a better writing plan at once.

3. Plan to write a good writing outline

A good idea should finally be expressed by writing an outline. Drafting a good writing outline can help the author to reflect his own ideas completely, which is of great reference value for further writing papers. Writing outline is similar to blueprint, which can help the author plan the framework and outline of the article. It is the author's initial idea after digesting data and logical thinking. The writing outline can plan the writing level, J order, paragraphs, key points and how to express them before and after, where examples are needed and where some notes or explanations are needed, so as to make the level clear, the content coherent and the expression tight.

4. The basic structure of argumentative writing

After analysis and induction, people summarize the basic structure of argumentative writing as "three parts and nine steps":

(1) Introduction (one paragraph): ① Overview: ② Brief analysis; Make an argument.

On exam-oriented guidance

(2) This theory (two to three paragraphs): ④ argument; ⑤ List arguments; ⑥ Comparative demonstration.

(3) Conclusion (one paragraph): ⑦ Combining with practice: ⑧ Deepening the center; Pet-name ruby make a call.

Guide: mainly search for information, find out important sentences that can express or produce the rhyme of the central argument, extract useful information from clauses and summarize quotations. Then in a few words, analyze the quotation and lead to the central argument.

This part: quote famous words, use information and reason; Then, examples and litigation procedures are given to prove the central argument; It can also be discussed from the opposite side to enhance persuasiveness.

Conclusion: Connecting with the reality, especially the social life reality reflected by the data, pointing out the significance, deepening the center, and issuing a call at the same time.

The nine-step structure method of data argumentation writing is not new, but it is feasible and effective after induction, sorting out, remembering firmly and making it procedural. Practice has proved that the nine-step structure method is like the frame of a tall building, which is enough to support a decent argumentative paper. Writing an argumentative essay according to the nine-step structure method can make your article complete in structure, clear in thinking, closely connected and fully reasoned.

(4) Several problems that should be paid attention to in the writing of the application.

1. Simple and approachable.

The content of applied composition is mainly social hot issues, facing the general public. Therefore, the article should be written in simple terms and approachable. The so-called simplicity is to combine profound truth with popular exposition. The application part is mainly based on reasoning, which should be well-founded, correct and profound, so that readers can be inspired and educated; At the same time, the truth should be simple and easy to understand, so that readers can easily understand and accept it. If the content of the article is good, but the words are difficult and obscure, even the words that the author doesn't understand at will confuse the readers, it will be difficult for the article to achieve the expected purpose.

Therefore, to achieve the purpose of simple explanation, firstly, we should treat readers with an equal attitude and make sense calmly through discussion; Second, we should use popular, fresh and lively people-friendly language, and avoid empty talk, cliche and stereotyped writing.

2. convince people with reason and empathize with others.

The argumentative essay for the examination should not only convince the reader in reason, but also impress the reader in reason. What is discussed, whether it is praise or disapproval, love or hate, should be clearly revealed, and reason and emotion should be harmonious, so as to be both reasonable and well-founded. Therefore, the author of the argumentative essay should be deeply touched and do something for him, not only having a deep understanding and feeling of the content of the discussion, but also having his own feelings and true feelings.

3. The truth should be true.

The truth of applying for the exam should be true and realistic. Tell the truth, tell the truth; We should respect the facts and not exaggerate or narrow the problem. To do this, candidates must have an accurate and profound understanding of the questions they want to comment on and a clear grasp of the essence of the questions, so as to make the truth clear. If the author's own ideas are not clear, he can't grasp the key points, he can't distinguish between primary and secondary, and he can't figure out where the crux of the reader's thoughts lies, it's hard to say clearly, let alone true.

4. The length of the article should be moderate.

There is a strict word limit on the length of argumentative papers. However, in the 2004 examination paper, the discussion part was integrated into "overview" and "report", but there was no clear word limit. Therefore, when writing, it depends on the requirements of the test paper and the needs of the article. In general, try to be concise and short. In particular, the discussion integrated into the "Overview" and "Report" should be controlled according to the needs of the article.

Some arguments could have been shorter and more concise, but they were long and protracted. There are two main reasons for this: first, the idea of perfection is at work, mistakenly thinking that articles can only show weight when they are long. Second, I want to tell readers everything, thinking that readers don't understand anything. Such articles are easy to spread and complicated. Candidates should write short and pithy comments according to the content of the comments and the needs of readers, focusing on the theme and main contradictions.

If in doubt, please consult the public education enterprises in China.