Beauty is a subjective feeling, not an objective fact. Many times, beauty comes from comparison, and ugliness also exists in our minds.

The cultivation of beauty is not innate, but acquired education and habits. People who pay too much attention to practicality and fame and fortune lack the ability to appreciate beauty. To enrich the experience of beauty, we must transcend utilitarianism.

Beauty is relative, not absolute, and ugliness can set off and transform each other. They are the same thing, and there is no obvious essential difference.

There is no single "beauty" or "ugliness" in the world. They only exist in people's brains, not in reality.

Sometimes, beauty is a temporary novelty and strangeness, which will soon disappear with time.

Moderate aesthetic feeling. Appreciate the half-opened flowers. Flowers will fade when they bloom, and the aesthetic enjoyment of flowers will be fleeting, which will soon become helplessness and sadness. Everything beautiful in the world is a dream bubble and a flash in the pan.

The night view of the Pearl River in Guangzhou was amazing at first glance, but after a few minutes, the beauty disappeared. So there is no beauty in the familiar place, and there is no beauty nearby, only boredom and boredom.

Beauty is in the distance, in strange places, in inaccessible places, and in the past time, it is actually recalled or imagined.

Schopenhauer said that the scene of our life is like a rough picture. Seen from close range, we can't see anything. To discover its beauty, we must look at it from a distance.

Harmony also produces beauty. The law of science is the harmonious collocation of formulas, the orderly internal order of everything, the beauty of calligraphy is the perfect combination of lines, painting is the unity of color and image, and music is the melodious sound rhythm.

They are all created by people, and they need corresponding literacy to appreciate them. For those who have no aesthetic cultivation and interest, any art has no spiritual significance.

To live an interesting life is to be good at appreciating ordinary everyday things, creating fun for yourself, finding the extraordinary in the ordinary, and turning decay into magic. Finding beauty is creating beauty. No one, nothing is beautiful, nothing is ugly.

People's taste is the appreciation and creation of beauty. Everyone lives in his own imaginary world, and there is no real world. If there is, it is also empty. Empty and real can have everything now. Yes, it must also be empty.

Simplicity and simplicity are also beautiful, and beauty comes from simplification and complexity. The scientific formula is simple, reflecting the internal relationship between objective things, and it is beautiful at the same time. So "truth, goodness and beauty" are actually the same thing, one and three, three and one.

Master Hongyi's words, paintings, music and poems are very simple, while Feng Zikai's paintings are extremely simple. These two masters are extremely beautiful in art, extremely good in life and extremely intelligent.

Complex things are easy to imitate and realize. But it is simple but difficult to imitate and realize. It's easier said than done.

"You can't change the outline of a mountain, the flight path of a bird, or the speed at which a river flows, so it's enough to observe it and find its beauty." (Krishnamurti's "The True Meaning of Relationships")

The essence of everything is simple and beautiful. The world is not complicated, but the heart is complicated. Purifying the mind will naturally improve the aesthetic ability. People with high aesthetic ability must also be pure, kind and pure.

Mencius said that fullness is beauty. This enrichment is a kind of accomplishment and a virtue.

Unique things are also beautiful, which is absolutely beautiful. Without contrast, everything is beautiful.

Zhuangzi said that there is great beauty in heaven and earth, and the "great beauty" here is absolute and incomparable. Most of us ordinary people may find it difficult to appreciate this great beauty, and we can only yearn for and imagine it in our hearts, and we can only feel it in loneliness and silence.

Krishnamurti said that too much beauty is always found when you don't care about your situation. Your mind, in fact, has been limiting you from getting real and beautiful things. When you don't think about anything and don't care about anything, all the beautiful and subtle things slowly emerge.

The preciousness of a work of art lies in its uniqueness and cannot be copied. Repetition and reproduction are neither beauty nor art, and a wise artist will not repeat others or himself. In the eyes of the wise, everything is beautiful.

Natural beauty is easy to be perceived, while moral beauty and wisdom beauty are more difficult to possess and appreciate, and these two kinds of beauty can last for a long time and add spiritual charm to middle-aged and elderly people. Natural beauty, such as autumn frost, morning dew and flint lightning, belongs only to young people.

(Draft of 20 17.02. 17, revised on 20 18.07.29)

2. Damei

(1) refers to great achievements and great achievements.

Zhuangzi North Tour: "There is great beauty in heaven and earth without saying anything."

Lu Deming explained: "Great beauty is the beauty of repetition."

Wang Xianqian quoted Xuan Yingyun: "It is beneficial and everything is unfavorable."

Wei Yangxiu, a chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, "Answering Hou Jian in Linzi": "If you don't forget the great beauty of your country, it will last forever."

Song Fan Zhongyan's Book of the Dynasty: "The sages of Gaigu have made great and beautiful works, and once they are cited, they cannot be determined."

(2) refers to the outstanding talent and quality.

"Lu Chunqiu": "With the small evil of people, the great beauty of the deceased, this person lost the world."

"Biography of Chen Han and Tang Dynasties": "Those who have achieved great things are not small, and those who have raised beautiful women are not flawed."

Appendix 1:

Celebrity talk

1. Beauty is another form of goodness. -Peter Weng

When you lose the truth, you lose the beauty. -Soviet Union

I have always believed that only by putting good into action can it be called beauty. -Rousseau

O beauty, find yourself in love, not in the flattery of your mirror. -Tagore's Birds

What an absurd fantasy it is to think that beauty is good! -Tolstoy

6. Beauty is higher than goodness, and goodness is better than ugliness. Oscar Wilde

7. Beauty is truth, and truth is beauty. keats

8. Kindness is more valuable than beauty. -Allah

9. Simplicity is a necessary condition for beauty. -Tolstoy

10, beauty! This is something that can only be seen with the eyes of the mind. Joubert

1 1. Beauty is a kind of goodness, and it causes pleasure precisely because it is goodness. -Aristotle

12, you should learn to find beautiful things in worthless things. Gorky's graveyard

13, beauty has three elements: first, it is complete or perfect, and anything incomplete is ugly; Secondly, proper proportion or harmony; The third is bright, so bright colors are recognized as beautiful. Joe Aquinas

14. Everything about a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul and thoughts. -Chekhov

15. All the goodness on the earth comes from the sun, and all the goodness comes from people. -Prishvin

16. Taking away the love of beauty from our hearts also takes away all the charm of life. -Rousseau

17, beauty is the most complete thing we know, which contains mysterious goals that nature can't achieve. -Luo Xiaoqiao flowing water

18, beauty is in the eyes of the gazer. -Liu Wallace

19, beauty is created in the fields that have been set foot in and have not been set foot in. -Sedaniel

20. If eyes are born to stare, then beauty is the reason for her existence. Emerson

Appendix II: Jiang Xun's "Heaven and Earth are Too Beautiful to Say"

The study of beauty is sometimes taken away, not increased. Is it possible to take our children to see the stars in the sky at night in a place without light and make them scream?

Beauty is not a kind of knowledge. Beauty may be a higher spiritual feeling than knowledge. Beauty is actually a sharing. Beauty is the most peculiar wealth in the world. The more you share, the more you have.

Beauty, is it possible to help get rid of the pressure, and feel a passion for the essence of life, a desire and pursuit for the essence of life in the world of beauty? I believe that beauty will not give people pressure. Beauty should not only be a heavy burden and knowledge, but also the liberation of knowledge.

Everyone completes himself, which is a free mind; Everyone completes himself according to what he wants, that is beauty, and there is no need for relativity at all.

Beauty expands our life to an extremely rich realm. Beauty is the balance of sensibility and rationality, and beauty is the balance of self in the mental state of sensory stimulation and aesthetic experience.

It goes without saying that there is great beauty in heaven and earth.

"There is great beauty in heaven and earth without saying anything" means that everything can be beautiful under heaven and earth, because everyone can find the particularity of his own existence. The awakening of beauty actually only allows you to "see", "hear", "smell", "touch" and "taste" the beautiful existence of life.

Many children don't like bitter gourd or bitter things. But strangely, with the growth of life, we will begin to accept the important taste of "bitterness". After all, suffering is an indispensable part of life experience.

The taste of life has had the sweetness of being loved, the bitterness of failure, the salty taste of hard work and the great pain of failure and frustration. Smell is like a very private feeling, so private that you will remember the smell of the closest person, and you know that this person is around.

All scattered people should get together again, which is called reunion; The end of all defects can be completed again, which is called perfection. The so-called "mixed flavor" means that the flavors are rich enough to be mixed together. It's hard to describe what it is. Is such a rich life memory.

Beauty is actually a kind of simplicity.

Blank, may be a very important beginning to feel beauty!

Flowers are wiser than words. There is a sound in the ebb and flow of the tide. We call it tidal sound, which is a wonderful sound. The voice can be the mother's hand, so warm and generous; Voice can also be the sharpest spike, biting the softest soul cruelly.

Beauty is actually a simplicity; Beauty is actually a simplicity; Beauty is actually a restraint of the senses, not an indulgence of the senses.

All sounds in nature are actually orderly sounds. We should find ourselves in such a voice. The sounds that exist in nature are everywhere.

If you have a chance to close your eyes and sit down quietly, you will find that silence is a kind of voice.

When our hearts can't be opened and we can't feel anything, even if our five senses are perfect, all beautiful things can't enter our world.

A circle itself, each point is both the starting point and the end point, and the head and tail are in phase. We often check the right and wrong answers at the end of the exam, but ignore the right and wrong in the process.

Once upon a time, because we lived in the city for a long time, our lights drove away the stars. The memory of feeling and the experience of feeling need to be compared and replaced frequently, so we find that we will forget it and can restart it immediately.

I believe that a child standing in front of a flower will know a lot about life, just as the old Bible says, "When King Solomon was the richest, all his wealth was not as good as a wild lily."

After reading a novel or a poem, we seem to be touched by something very profound in words or literature, and we feel excited inside, but we often can't make it clear.

Observe the blooming of a flower and pin your blessings on the birth of life: when it blooms, know how to cherish it; Flowers fall and fade, realizing that this is the necessity of life. An open-minded attitude produces wisdom in life.

Beauty is often wisdom, not knowledge.

Appendix III: Feng Zikai's Art and Life

Shape and color have a wonderful power to dominate the hearts of the public in silence. For example, the beauty of spring flowers can make people excited, and the beauty of autumn moon can make people calm; People are very happy on sunny days, and everyone is lazy on cloudy days. Most of the residents in mountain villages are honest, while most of the residents in water towns are lively. It is precisely because of the common mountain or water that their hearts are secretly dominated by their forces and they have developed a special temperament.

Matching shapes and colors artificially is called art. It is a plane painting, a three-dimensional sculpture and a practical building. Because of the clever cooperation of manpower, it has more power to dominate people's hearts. This is called artistic affinity.

For example, many people look at paintings together, and if they see a landscape drawn by ink, they feel magnificent in their hearts; If this is a magnificent picture of Hua Die, people will feel beautiful in their hearts. So there is a landscape map hanging in the hall, and people in the hall feel more respected; There are flowers and birds hanging in the atrium, and people in one room are happy. When this excellent film was shown, the guests in the yard were silent, but they heard the slight sound of the machine turning. Because the hearts of millions of viewers in Qian Qian are dominated by the affinity of these paintings (movies).

Sculpture is three-dimensional, so it has greater affinity. The bronze statue of this great man stands in the square of the city, and its heroic spirit touches the hearts of people who come and go every day, silently carrying out universal education. Another example is to enter a big temple and look up at the golden Buddha statue. Although the man is not a religious believer, he will be in awe for a while and whisper slowly. Egypt's autocratic emperor built a 70-foot-high stone carving of the Sphinx, which was named "The Sphinx". The spirit of absolute obedience of the Egyptian people is partly formed by the suggestive power of this large stone carving.

Architecture has the greatest form and affinity in art; Because most of our lives are spent in architecture, architecture has the deepest influence on people's minds. For example, a dignified and elegant school building can make students concentrate when attending classes and feel stable when studying, which is of great help to education. The palaces of ancient emperors must be extremely magnificent, and people will naturally feel fear when they see the Jiuzhong City Que. Religious monasteries must be extremely magnificent, so that monks can visit the Hall of Heroes and naturally bow their heads and return to their hearts. This is to convince people with the affinity of architecture. The seats in the restaurant and the rooms in the hotel are beautifully arranged and can be promoted. Businessmen will also use the affinity of architecture to dominate customers' hearts.

The relationship between architecture and life is the most important, so whenever architecture prospers, its national culture will inevitably prosper. For example, there were exquisite temple buildings in the Golden Age of Greece and great temple buildings in the Renaissance of Italy. The enthusiasm of modern Europe and America for urban architecture can also be said to be the appearance of modern culture.

Appendix IV:

Ken Wilbur's Beauty

There are piles of residual snow everywhere, which cling to the roots of pine trees and cover the roof comfortably, and the sun plays on these residual snow. Everything comes from the emptiness of divinity. This infinite space is our awareness, and we have no choice at every moment. Its beauty made me surrender, made me hold my breath, forced me to surrender to my deepest realm, and I completely fell off in this aesthetic feeling.

This is why "beauty" has always been of profound significance. In that selective awareness, in the complete simplicity of "blindness", all dimensions, from blunt body and mind to nature, are breathtaking. At this time, beauty began to show completely different importance. The so-called beauty here refers to beauty in all fields: physical beauty, spiritual beauty, soul beauty and spiritual beauty. Once everything is regarded as an expression of divinity, everything becomes profound and beautiful.

Yesterday, I sat in the shopping center for several hours, watching the pedestrians coming and going. Each of them is as precious as jade. Although there is occasional joy in their words, the expressions on their faces are mostly painful, their eyes are sad, and their slow steps bear a heavy burden ―― I have never left these impressions. I only see emeralds shining, and everyone is like a living Buddha. Although there is no "I" there to watch everything, the emerald is still vivid. The dust on the sidewalk, the rubble on the street, the crying of children, and the shopping center look like heaven. Who ever doubted it?

Appendix V: Aesthetics

(1) Aesthetics (Greek: α ι σ θ ι κ? ; English: Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy.

The concept of aesthetics was first put forward by the German philosopher Baumgarden in 1750. He believes that art needs a proper place in the philosophical system, so he established a discipline to study perceptual knowledge and called it "aestheticism".

Aesthetics is a discipline that studies the aesthetic relationship between man and the world, that is, the object of aesthetic research is aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity is a life experience activity with the image world as the object, and it is also a spiritual and cultural activity of human beings.

Aesthetics is one of the subordinate disciplines of philosophy, and this major belongs to philosophy. Learning aesthetics well requires a solid philosophical foundation and artistic accomplishment. It is both a speculative subject and a perceptual subject. Aesthetics is closely related to literature and art, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, mythology and other disciplines.

② Definition

What is beauty? This is the basic problem of aesthetic research. Every philosopher has his own opinion on this issue.

This is not a simple question, it can radiate the discussion of the original problems in the world.

From ancient times to the present, from the west to the east, the interpretation of "beauty" is complicated.

For example, Plato in ancient Greece said: beauty is an idea; St Augustine in the Middle Ages said: Beauty is the incomparable glory and brilliance of God; Chernyshevski of Russia said: Beauty is life; Taoism in ancient China believed in the great beauty of heaven and earth and said nothing.

The book Aesthetic Principles tells us that beauty can only exist in aesthetic relations, which depends on both aesthetic subject and aesthetic object.

Beauty is the representation of abstract things in the spiritual field, and the aesthetic world is purely an image world.

③ Classic works

⑴ Four articles that can open the aesthetic paradigm.

Plato's Epiphane opened the philosophy of beauty.

Shaftesbury revealed the characteristics of aesthetic psychology.

Barto initiated the philosophy of art in On the Boundaries and General Principles of Aesthetic Art.

Wittgenstein's aesthetic lectures have an influence on the analysis of aesthetic language.

27 monographs that have an influence on the aesthetic system

1. Kant's critique of judgment

Kant's Critique of Judgment has two characteristics in structural aesthetics: one is centered on aesthetic judgment. Discussion on aesthetic essence in relation to the relationship between subject and object. It is concluded that the universality of a subject (similar to the essence of beauty) is the basis of aesthetics.

Second, divide two kinds of aesthetic judgments, beauty and sublimity, which are the two most common aesthetic types.

2. Hegelian aesthetics

Hegel's aesthetics has three characteristics in structure: first, from the definition of beauty, beauty is the perceptual manifestation of ideas. ? Concept establishes the core of beauty, and sensibility distinguishes it from other forms of concepts, thus explaining all phenomena of beauty.

Second, the concept appears at the level of perception, which is consistent with the evolutionary history of the universe. Inorganic matter is the lowest level of sensibility, and art is the highest level of sensibility.

The definition of beauty is unified, and art is the highest and most typical form of beauty, so it is enough to study art in aesthetics.

There are seven types of art, but five are typical: architecture, sculpture, painting, music and poetry (poetry includes epic, lyric and dramatic poetry); ? Only by studying these five arts can aesthetics obtain the universal law about beauty.

From the aesthetic point of view, the five arts can be divided into three types: symbolic (architecture), classical (sculpture) and romantic (painting, music and poetry). These three aesthetic types contain all the objects of beauty.

As long as you master the essence of beauty, five major arts and three major types, you will master the beauty of the universe.

3. De Sauer's aesthetic and artistic theory

De Soto's theory of aesthetics and art is a work of aesthetic principles that insists on the unity of all parts of aesthetics after the essence of beauty disappears.

Desso's original intention is not to establish an aesthetic system with this book, but to establish two theoretical systems, an aesthetic system and an artistic system through this book.

First of all, he wants to separate art from aesthetics, which is conducive to the clarity of the two disciplines;

Then, after the independence of art, we should see that aesthetics and art are linked in many ways, and they often act together.

So, finally, put these two systems together through a book. In this way, from the actual effect, it has become an aesthetic system including aesthetic objects, aesthetic experience and art.

This book also represents a turning point of western aesthetic principles. The first part is not about the essence of beauty, but about the aesthetic object.

4. Longfield's aesthetic attitude

Longfield's aesthetic attitude is a typical example of constructing an aesthetic principle only from aesthetic psychology after the essence of beauty disappears.

Langfield formed his own system from three aspects: First, it integrated and systematized European psychoaesthetic theories, specifically, it integrated the three theories of Mü nsterburg, Paff and Bloch and the psychological distance theory, the internal imitation theory of Li Furong and Gullers, and Lipps's empathy theory, thus forming the basic framework of psychoaesthetics.

Secondly, European psychological aesthetics should be regulated by the enthusiasm and experience of American naturalistic aesthetics.

American naturalism is a generalized aesthetic theory, which will make European theory lose its beautiful structure and logical unity. Therefore, Langfield used American theory to question the falsity and fuzziness of European theory, and standardized the theory of aesthetic psychology from two aspects.

First, in the aspect of art, the principles of European aesthetic psychology are proved to be correct with examples of art history.

Second, in terms of formal beauty, it extends the aesthetic psychology of Europeans in terms of formal beauty. At the same time, it perfects the European aesthetic psychological system with formal beauty. On the other hand, formal beauty combines the artistic aspect of aesthetics in art, and it also exists in nature and society, which logically contains the content of American naturalism aesthetics.

Therefore, Langfield's theory actually consists of three parts: one is the aesthetic subject, which is the foundation; Second, works of art are the confirmation of aesthetic subject and the externalization of art; Thirdly, the law of formal beauty is the extensive externalization and logical confirmation of aesthetic subject.

Langfield's aesthetic attitude is also in contrast with Zhu Guangqian's On Beauty, which shows the similarities and differences between Chinese and western aesthetics in writing aesthetic principles of aesthetic psychology.

5. Susan Langer's Emotion and Form

Susan Langer's Emotion and Form is a typical example of reconstructing the aesthetic principles of artistic philosophy after the disappearance of the essence of beauty.

Guided by Cassirer's semiotics, this book inherits the formalistic aesthetics of roger fry and clive bell, the aesthetic subject aesthetics of Croce and Langfield, and the naturalistic aesthetics of Santayana and Dewey, and integrates eight arts, namely music, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, literature, drama and film, into an artistic philosophy.

Langer basically divides art into four categories: time (painting, sculpture and architecture in plastic arts), space (music), strength (dance) and life (literature, drama and film).

In Langer's exposition of art category, illusion is the general basis at first, and then there are two or even three differences of illusion in various arts. Thus, artistic autonomy and aesthetic independence constitute a major theme of her artistic philosophy.

Second, in the discussion of different illusions of each art, the basic illusion, the art form and the emotional form contained in the art form are always linked.

6. Mikel Dufrenne's phenomenology of aesthetic experience

Mikel Dufrenne's phenomenology of aesthetic experience is a typical aesthetic principle that combines aesthetic psychology with art after the essence of beauty disappears.

It has four characteristics in structure: first, what is the aesthetic object? The aesthetic object and non-aesthetic object are distinguished, and the aesthetic object is concentrated on art on the basis of explaining the connection and difference between artistic works and aesthetic objects.

Two? Explain the basic structure of artistic works presented to the subject as aesthetic objects.

Three,? Explain the basic structure of aesthetic perception of artistic works as artificial aesthetic objects by aesthetic subjects. So as not to talk about the aesthetic subject without leaving the aesthetic object, nor to talk about the aesthetic object without leaving the aesthetic subject. ? It dialectically solves the basic problems of aesthetics.

Fourthly, discuss how aesthetics is possible and why people need aesthetics from philosophy.

7. Introduction to Dick's Aesthetics

Dickie's Introduction to Aesthetics is a typical example of the combination of aesthetic philosophy (conceptual analysis), aesthetic psychology and art after the essence of beauty is replaced by conceptual analysis, and it is also a typical example of the combination of aesthetic history and aesthetic theory.

This book is a hierarchical structure and a reversible elastic structure. This structure is still two layers, but these two layers are not important. From ancient times to the present, they have condensed into art theory, and then they have been pushed away from art theory, which is the theory of art, aesthetic attitude and beauty.

These six aspects constitute the structure of the whole aesthetic theory, which has the evolution and theoretical logic in history, today and time, forming an aesthetic principle.