1909, the Qing government named Beijing Mandarin as Mandarin. During the Republic of China, standards were formulated many times. 19 18, Beiyang government published the first set of nationally recognized phonetic symbols. 1923, the fifth meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua decided to formulate the pronunciation based on the grammar of modern North China Mandarin and Beijing dialect. 1932, after the Ministry of Education of the National Government promulgated the General Vocabulary of Guoyin, the standard of Putonghua was determined.
1953 after the founding of new China, Beijing and Luanping county, Chengde city, Hebei province were the main places to collect standard putonghua pronunciation, and the standard was popularized to the whole country on 1955. In 2000, the People's Republic of China (PRC) National Common Language Law established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as the national common language.
Extended data:
The "commonness" of "Putonghua" is actually an abbreviation of "generality". Mr. Wang Li, a linguist, set up a special subtitle "What is Mandarin" in An Introduction to Chinese. He said, "What is Mandarin? Mandarin is a universal language. " "Mandarin is a common word."
In fact, the word "Putonghua" existed as early as the late Qing Dynasty. 1906, Zhu, an activist of the syncopation movement, wrote a book called Jiangsu Xin Xin, in which Chinese was divided into three categories, one of which was called "Putonghua". He said that Mandarin is "the common language of all provinces".
After Zhu put forward the word "Putonghua", it was not widely used. At that time, people called it "Lan Qing Mandarin", "Lan Qing" means impure, and "Lan Qing Mandarin" means Beijing dialect mixed with local dialects. Because this kind of words are mostly used in officialdom, they are called "Mandarin".
Later, people began to say things that everyone understood. The use of such words is no longer limited to "officials". In the early years of the Republic of China, the word "Mandarin" appeared and replaced it. Compared with "Mandarin", "Mandarin" has the flavor of "people".
When the People's Government carried out the reform of writing after the founding of New China, language experts made a serious scientific demonstration on the use of the word "Putonghua" and thought that it obviously could not be called "Mandarin". It is also inappropriate to call it "Mandarin".
Because China is a multi-ethnic country, not all people use Chinese, and we can't call the common language of the Han nationality "national language". "Common Chinese" is too long to be used directly, so it is shortened to "Mandarin".
Baidu Encyclopedia-Mandarin (modern standard Chinese commonly used in People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC))