1. How was this flu epidemic first discovered?

The first confirmed case of this influenza epidemic is a 4-year-old boy from La Gloria, Veracruz, Mexico. On March 28th, 2009, it was diagnosed as a new influenza A virus infection, H 1N 1, and the second case was found in California on March 30th. On April 12, a woman from Oaxaca came to a hospital in Mexico City specializing in the treatment of respiratory diseases, and died on April 13, becoming the first patient to die of influenza A virus infection.

On April 16, the Mexican government issued an influenza epidemic alert to the Pan American Health Organization, which informed the World Health Organization (WHO) according to the procedures. On April 25th, WHO issued a global warning that influenza A (H 1N 1) in Mexico and the United States has constituted a "public health emergency with international influence".

Subsequently, the influenza epidemic caused by this new virus quickly spread to the United States, Canada and other countries. As of May 3rd, confirmed cases of influenza A (H 1N 1) have been reported in 9 countries and regions around the world.

2. Why did WHO change the name of this influenza virus from "swine flu" to "influenza A H 1N 1"?

On April 24, 2009, WHO confirmed that there were many cases of "swine flu" in Mexico. On April 27, the World Organization for Animal Health issued a communique, taking the lead in raising objections to the title of "swine flu". According to the tradition that influenza is named after its birthplace, it is more reasonable to call it "North American influenza". Moreover, this new influenza virus has not been found in animals such as pigs before, and now it is only spread from person to person. Therefore, this naming is not only inaccurate, but also causes unnecessary panic and a heavy blow to the aquaculture industry. Subsequently, these views were echoed by more and more experts. Keiji fukuda, assistant director-general for health, safety and environment affairs of WHO, told the media on April 29th that the virus would only spread from person to person.

On April 30th, WHO announced that it would use the term "influenza A H 1N 1" instead of the previously mentioned term "swine flu". Although the virus that caused this flu is a new virus that is recombined from three influenza viruses: swine flu, avian flu and human flu, so far, this virus mainly makes people sick. "Swine flu" easily leads the public to misunderstand pork products, which has affected the aquaculture industry in some countries. Changing the name in time will help alleviate people's anxiety about raising pigs and eating pork.

On May 2nd, Canada discovered the fact that pigs were infected. The detected virus is the same as influenza A virus H 1N 1 prevalent in North America, and it is suspected to be infected by pig factory workers returning from Mexico after illness. Nevertheless, this new fact is not enough to challenge the reason why "swine flu" was renamed as "influenza A H 1N 1". Judging from the current situation, this influenza epidemic is not completely unrelated to pigs, and pigs have participated in this epidemic as a supporting role. Whether influenza A (H 1N 1) can occur in pigs needs more attention.

3. How did this influenza virus come into being?

This influenza virus is a new influenza virus (H 1N 1), which is a new strain produced by gene recombination of three influenza viruses, namely swine flu, avian flu and human flu, rather than the variation of swine flu virus.

4. Will this virus cause an epidemic of influenza?

Influenza epidemic refers to that when a new subtype of influenza A virus or a large mutation (antigen transformation) occurs, people generally lack the corresponding immunity, which leads to the rapid spread of the virus in the population, thus causing a large-scale spread of influenza around the world. Epidemic influenza has the characteristics of high morbidity and mortality, fast spread and wide spread. Because this influenza strain belongs to a new variant of influenza A virus, people are generally susceptible to it, and at least two countries in a WHO region have spread from person to person, so the world should attach great importance to it.

5. What is WHO's early warning level for influenza outbreak?

Who has six levels of influenza warning. 1 grade: there is no report of human infection caused by influenza virus prevalent in animals. Grade 2: It is reported that human infection is caused by influenza virus prevalent in domestic or wild animals, which is potentially dangerous. Level 3: The recombinant influenza virus between animals or between humans and animals leads to sporadic cases or small-scale aggregated cases in the population, but it does not cause continuous interpersonal transmission in the community. Level 4: Recombinant influenza virus between animals or between humans and animals leads to continuous interpersonal transmission and community outbreaks. Level 5: Homovirus causes sustained community outbreaks in at least two countries in a WHO region. Level 6: On the basis of Level 5, the same virus broke out continuously in at least one country in another region of WHO.

6. To what extent has the flu epidemic reached so far?

On the evening of April 29th, WHO4 announced in Geneva that it would raise the warning level of global influenza epidemic from the current level 4 to level 5. Level 5 means that the same type of influenza virus has been continuously spread from person to person in at least two countries in the same region of WHO.

7. What measures should China take when WHO declares the influenza epidemic warning level as level 5?

The level 5 warning indicates that the same type of influenza virus has been continuously spread from person to person in at least two countries in the same region of WHO, which indicates that the virus may lead to a global epidemic. According to China's relevant prevention and control plan, an orange warning should be issued immediately, and measures should be taken to deal with the epidemic influenza, especially measures such as strengthening border quarantine and interrupting air communication with some countries in the epidemic area when necessary. If close contacts are found to enter China, the government should issue an announcement for tracking and medical observation.

8. Why does this flu epidemic attract the world's attention?

Because this influenza A virus (H 1N 1) is a new mutant, people are generally susceptible, and there has been continuous human-to-human transmission in at least two countries (Mexico and the United States), which has the possibility of a global influenza epidemic. On April 29th, 2009, WHO announced that it would raise the current influenza alert from level 4 to level 5. At present, the flu epidemic is progressing rapidly. Since Mexico reported the influenza epidemic on April 24th, as of May 3rd, confirmed cases of influenza A (H 1N 1) have been reported in 9 countries and regions around the world.

9. What are the main clinical manifestations of this flu?

According to the preliminary investigation results in the United States, the clinical manifestations of this flu are basically similar to seasonal flu, including fever, cough, sore throat, body pain, headache, chills and fatigue. Some of them may also have diarrhea or vomiting, muscle pain or fatigue, red eyes and so on. In severe cases, pneumonia and respiratory failure may occur. According to the current observation, the severity of its clinical manifestations seems to be less serious than previous influenza pandemics in history.

What are the sources of infection of influenza 10 and influenza A H 1N 1?

The source of infection is the sick people or the recessive infected people. At present, it has not been found that various animals, including pigs, can pose a threat to human beings as a source of infection.

What are the transmission routes of influenza 1 1 and influenza A H 1N 1?

Influenza A (H 1N 1) mainly spreads among people through coughing or sneezing. In addition, people can be infected by touching their eyes, mouth and nose after touching the virus attached to the surface of objects.

Who are the susceptible populations of influenza 12 and influenza A H 1N 1?

People are generally susceptible, and whether they are infected or not depends on contact opportunities and protective measures. At present, most of the reported patients are between 25 and 45 years old, mainly young adults, but it remains to be seen whether this phenomenon is universal. According to the past experience of influenza epidemic, we should pay attention to the infection of the elderly and children.

When will 13 and influenza A (H 1N 1) be contagious?

The available data suggest that the infection period of influenza A (H 1N 1) is similar to seasonal influenza, and patients are contagious from 1 ~ 2 days before onset to 7 days after onset. If the case still has fever symptoms after 7 days of onset, it is still contagious. Children, especially young children, may be infected for more than 7 days.

How many days is the incubation period of 14 and influenza A (H 1N 1)?

The infection period of influenza A (H 1N 1) is similar to seasonal influenza, and the incubation period is usually 1 ~ 7 days.

How high is the mortality rate of 15 and influenza A H 1N 1?

According to available data, Mexico reported 176 cases of death, and the United States reported 1 case of death. However, due to the lack of accurate number of cases, it is impossible to accurately calculate the mortality rate. Mexico reported a large number of deaths, but the number of deaths was very small after it spread to the United States and Canada, which may be related to factors such as virulence change, host and medical treatment after virus passage. The specific reason is not clear. Mortality is usually evaluated at the end of the epidemic, because the epidemic has not yet ended, and the mortality of this influenza A (H 1N 1) cannot be finally quantitatively judged. Global data show that compared with previous influenza pandemics, the current mortality rate is significantly lower than previous influenza pandemics. Scientists are paying close attention to these dynamic changes.

What is the prognosis of 16 and influenza A (H 1N 1)?

Judging from the influenza cases reported at present, the prognosis is good, and most cases can heal themselves.

Many cases were cured without medication and antiviral drugs. In addition to more deaths reported in Mexico, infected people in the United States, Canada, Spain and other countries all developed mild diseases.

It remains to be seen whether the virus will further evolve and affect the prognosis of the disease as the epidemic continues.

Is there any specific medicine to prevent influenza 17 and influenza A (H 1N 1)?

Influenza A (H 1N 1) has no specific preventive drugs. If there are suspected cases around, you can take appropriate antiviral drugs under the guidance of a doctor. At present, the available drugs are Tamiflu, Leganqing, amantadine, rimantadine and Chinese herbal medicines.

It should be noted that we should not only rely on drugs to prevent influenza, but should take comprehensive preventive measures to prevent influenza. In addition, it is not recommended to use antiviral drugs in healthy people for the purpose of prevention, because it will accelerate the emergence of drug resistance.

18, did the seasonal influenza vaccine inoculated in autumn and winter last year have a preventive effect on this influenza A (H 1N 1)?

The effect of seasonal influenza vaccine inoculated last year on preventing influenza A (H 1N 1) remains to be seen. It is generally believed that both viruses belong to influenza A (1). Although they are different, they may have certain cross-protection effects.

19. How do individuals prevent influenza A (H 1N 1)?

Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing; Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when coughing or sneezing, and then throw the tissue into the trash can; Avoid contact with people with flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, runny nose, etc.). ); Avoid going to crowded places; Ensure adequate sleep, exercise diligently, reduce stress and ensure adequate nutrition intake.

20. What is the latest diagnostic method for influenza A (H 1N 1)?

China Center for Disease Control and Prevention has developed a specific and sensitive rapid diagnosis method, and the results can be obtained in 4 hours. This diagnostic method can distinguish the common influenza A H 1 from this influenza A H 1N 1. The network laboratory system of the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention has been equipped since May 2009 1.

2 1. What do you think of the case of influenza A in H 1N 1?

At present, the main treatment methods include comprehensive symptomatic support treatment, antiviral drug treatment and TCM syndrome differentiation treatment. If it is a bacterial infection, antibiotics can be used. Patients should pay attention to rest, drink plenty of water and pay attention to nutrition; For those with high fever and obvious clinical symptoms, chest X-ray should be taken to check blood gas.

22. what medicine can be used to treat influenza a H 1N 1?

Tamiflu and Legonqing can be used under the guidance of a doctor after being infected with influenza A virus H 1N 1, but they should be used within 48 hours after onset, with a dose of 75mg/ day for 5 days. It can also be treated with domestic antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine; At the same time, Chinese herbal medicines can be used according to the prescriptions recommended by experts.

23. What is the drug resistance of influenza A virus H 1N 1?

Influenza virus is an enveloped virus, so it is sensitive to organic solvents such as ether, chloroform and acetone. The infectivity of the virus was destroyed when 200ml/L ether stayed at 4℃ overnight. The virus is also sensitive to oxidants, halogen compounds, heavy metals, ethanol and formaldehyde. With potassium permanganate 10g/L, mercuric chloride 1ml/L for 3min, ethanol 750ml/L for 5min, tincture of iodine 1ml/L for 5min, hydrochloric acid 1ml/L for 3min, 65433. Influenza virus is sensitive to heat and can be inactivated at 56℃ for 30 minutes. Sensitive to ultraviolet rays.

24. What is medical observation?

During the infectious period (from 1 ~ 2 days before onset to 7 days after onset) or those who have been to the epidemic area within 1 week, certain control measures (isolation at home or in the hospital) should be taken, daily observation, temperature measurement and health questions should be made, and registration should be made. The observation period is the longest incubation period of the disease of 7 days. Try to minimize outdoor activities during the observation period.

25. Why medical observation?

Through medical observation, close contacts and people who have been to epidemic areas can find, diagnose and treat diseases in time to avoid and reduce the spread of pathogens to others. This is a medical protective measure for those who are in close contact with the case and the surrounding people.

26. How to deal with suspicious symptoms during medical observation?

Those who have respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough or sore throat during medical observation should be immediately sent to designated medical institutions for diagnosis and isolation treatment under effective protection.

27. What is influenza A H 1N 1 suspected case?

Have been to an epidemic area, or have a history of close contact with influenza A patients (or an unknown epidemiological history), have flu clinical manifestations within 1 week, and have positive detection of antibodies or nucleic acids against H subtype virus in respiratory secretions, throat swabs, sputum and serum.

28. what is the clinical diagnosis of influenza a H 1N 1?

A person who is diagnosed as a suspected case and has a common exposure history with it is diagnosed as a confirmed case, which is called a clinical diagnosis case.

29. What is the confirmed case of influenza A H1N/KLOC-0?

Isolation of specific viruses from respiratory specimens or serum; The above samples were detected by RT-PCR with virus RNA A (H 1N 1), which was confirmed by sequencing, or the titer of serum antibody increased by 4 times and 2 times, so it can be a confirmed case.

30. How to manage suspected, clinical and confirmed cases of influenza A (H 1N 1)?

Suspected, clinical and confirmed cases should be sent to designated medical institutions for isolation treatment for at least 7 days. If you still have fever after 7 days, you should continue to isolate until your body temperature is normal. During isolation treatment, suspected, clinical and confirmed cases should be managed separately.