1.1Russians in the middle of the 9th century, which is now Russia.

Second, expand the scope of knowledge:

1, Profile: 65438+ Russian critical realist writer, writer, thinker and philosopher in the mid-09th century. A hereditary count who participated in the Crimean War. After returning to jasna Ya Polyana's farm, he devoted himself to peasant education. 1862 After his marriage, he created great works in the history of Russian literature: War and Peace (1859 ~ 1869) and anna karenine (1875 ~ 1877). After experiencing the crisis of faith, 1879 believes in pacifism and advocates social reform in a way that does not resist evil. And deny his previous works. Because of clinging to his beliefs, family relations deteriorated and he died on the way out. His works consist of 45 volumes. His representative works include the novel Resurrection (1899), the drama The Power of Darkness (1886) and several short stories and comments. His literary tradition is not only critically inherited and developed by Soviet writers through Gorky, but also has great influence in the world literary world. He put forward Tolstoyism in his literary creation and social activities, which had a far-reaching influence on many political movements.

2. Creative thinking: Tolstoy wrote literary papers in his early days, such as Why People Write (185 1), which affirmed the lofty mission of literature; The speech at the Russian Literature Lovers Association (1859) opposed the exposure of literature, but still advocated that literature should adapt to the requirements of society. 19 The papers from 1960s to 1970s mainly emphasized that writing should serve the people. The most noteworthy is his works in his later years. Preface to Mo Bosang's Collected Works (1894) requires loyalty to realistic artistic principles; The author is required to adopt a moral attitude towards the things described and make clear the "difference between good and evil". What is art (1897 ~ 1898) criticizes the aesthetic view of realism, points out the essence of some aesthetic theories defending the interest of the ruling class at that time, and reveals the anti-people nature of decadent art and its philosophical basis; At the same time, it puts forward the argument that art is a tool for people to communicate their feelings. On Shakespeare and His Plays (1906) accuses Shakespeare of being anti-democratic and immoral, but it can also reveal some artistic features of his plays. These works all clarify the author's later views on the essence and function of art, the relationship between form and content, and the moral significance of art. The latter two books also require literature and art to convey religious consciousness.

3. Artistic influence: From 65438 to 1960s, his works began to be translated and published in Britain, Germany and other countries. At the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, 19 won the reputation of a world-class writer with its French translation of War and Peace, and became the main target of Russian craze in Europe and America at that time. From 1980s to 1990s, the first batch of critics in France, Britain and other countries discussed him, and they all admitted that his realistic creation revitalized their own national literature. French, romain rolland, Heinrich Mann and thomas mann, Dreiser, Bernard Shaw, John Galsworthy, etc. 19 European and American writers and Asian writers who grew up from the end of the 20th century were all influenced by him. In China, comments about him appeared in 1900, and his "religious novels" (master and servant and folk stories) were translated in 1907. 19 13, 19 17 have incomplete classical Chinese translations of Resurrection (translated as Heart Prison) and Anna karenin (translated as A Brief History of Charm). Tolstoy's works were translated into Chinese around the May 4th Movement. During the Anti-Japanese War, Guo Moruo's and Zhou Yang's versions of War and Peace and anna karenine were published separately, as well as other works. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), most of Tolstoy's important works have been translated and published, and according to the original translation, many famous works have several different versions.