(A) Socrates
It is believed that the goal of education is to cultivate talents for governing the country, and the primary task of education is to cultivate morality. "Wisdom is virtue" advocates Socrates' question and answer method, also known as "midwifery".
(2) Plato (437-348 BC)
Born into a hereditary aristocratic family in Athens, he received a good cultural education from an early age. Founder of idealistic philosophy system in ancient Greece, student of Socrates. His main works are Republic and Law. His views on education are all written in The Republic.
(3) Aristotle (384-322 BC)
He was Plato's student and assistant, studied with Plato for 20 years, and was regarded as a representative of wisdom. He founded a school-Lv Keang school of philosophy, and the world called his school Minstrel. Gathering students to give lectures in the shade of trees is called "Minstrel" in the world. His works are most related to education, such as politics, ethics and logic.
(d) quintilian, an ancient Roman educator.
He is not only an educator but also an orator. He is the author of On the Education of Speakers. This book not only discusses the cultivation and methods of speech, but also deals with general problems in education. Quintilian is the first teaching theorist in the history of education. He made an in-depth study of teaching and put forward many outstanding opinions. He believes that the main steps of teaching are theoretical guidance, imitation and practice, and the teaching foundation must be solid, with special emphasis on memory and practice and language development.
(5) Vitorino
The famous Italian humanist educator Mondrian School (an aristocratic school) mainly presided over the ideal of natural education. He called the school a "happy home" and advocated the harmonious development of individuals in the process of education.
He has few works, mainly engaged in practical teaching activities, and runs a "court school", which is a kind of "aristocratic education".
(6) rabelais
He is a great French humanist writer. He was born in a peasant family and has been close to farmers since childhood. In Biography of the Giant, he expressed his educational views, satirized the life style of medieval feudal society and the teaching method of scholasticism in a satirical and comparative way, which made the scholasticism education in sharp contrast with the new humanism.
(7) Molar
Moore was the first person to publicize utopian socialist educational thought. He put forward the idea of universal education, demanding to expand the scope of disciplines, attach importance to the study of natural science, study classical literature, and educate in his own language.
Emphasizing labor education, it is the first time to try to eliminate the opposition between manual labor and mental labor, advocate the combination of intellectual education, moral education, physical education and labor education, and require various education.
(8) Comenius
/kloc-The main works of Czechs in the 0/7th century include Reading from Pictures, Illustrated World (the first textbook based on the principle of intuitive teaching, which combines objects with words), Great Teaching Theory, Mother-Child School and Introduction to Linguistics.
For the first time, he comprehensively and systematically summarized the educational experience of his predecessors and himself, and put forward many excellent opinions on the educational system, teaching principles and teaching methods, which laid a good foundation for modern pedagogy.
People think that the purpose of education is to prepare people for their next life.
People think that a person must be educated to become a real person.
He is very concerned about children and is sure that "all children can become adults".
Put forward the principle of "natural adaptation", which runs through his whole education system.
Put forward the idea of universal education and unified academic system.
Teaching principles: intuitive principle, systematic (gradual) principle, consolidation principle and ability principle.
He put forward many valuable opinions on the organizational form of teaching and established the concept of "academic year" for the first time. He divided a school year into four school seasons, and each school season had a certain period of school holidays, and formulated a class system.
The textbook is required to be substantial and to the point. Introduction to Linguistics and Illustrated World are two famous textbooks written by him.
Locke (1632- 1704)
Locke is at the beginning of modern history and the period of bourgeois revolution. He was a bourgeois philosopher and educational thinker in the17th century, and a giant of British empiricism. Representative work "Random Talk on Education"
Oppose the theory of "innate ideas", conclude that all knowledge and ideas are acquired and acquired from experience, and put forward the "whiteboard theory"
He advocated family education and opposed the aristocratic public school education system. The purpose of education is to cultivate "gentlemen" who have both ability and political integrity and are good at handling their own careers.
Discussed physical education, moral education and intellectual education.
Rousseau (17 12- 1778)
He was a democrat in the French Enlightenment, an outstanding writer and an educational thinker. Born in Geneva, Switzerland, it has an epoch-making role and significance. His masterpiece Emile, the rest are The Origin of Human Inequality, The Theory of Dujo and Confessions.
Put forward the theory of natural education. It is believed that the purpose of education is to cultivate "natural people", that is, people who are physically and mentally healthy, knowledgeable, noble in character and self-reliant.
On the age division of education:
1) infancy (birth -2 years old or so): give priority to physical health care and pay attention to the maintenance of children's bodies. Children should be given more freedom.
2) Early childhood (2- 12 years old) is a period of "rational sleep". In the meantime, physical education and health education should be continued, but more attention should be paid to sensory education.
3) Intellectual education and labor education in adolescence (13- 15 years old)
4) Youth (15- adulthood) is a stormy and high-spirited period, and moral education can start from this time.
On the education of citizens and patriots: He believes that the purpose of education should be to cultivate citizens and patriots of a free motherland, and fully demonstrate the spirit of patriotism and democracy on this issue.
(xi) helvetius
French bourgeois enlightenment thinker, deeply influenced by Locke's theory, is a thorough atheist. His works include On Spirituality and On Man-His Intelligence and Education. Put forward the theory of intellectual equality and universal education, and advocate the secularization of education. It is believed that the main purpose of education is to cultivate patriots who can combine personal welfare with national welfare. In order to achieve this goal, we must take back the right to education from the church. He attaches great importance to science education and requires teachers to have high teaching skills.
(12) Diderot
He is an outstanding figure among French materialists and the leader of the famous Encyclopedia School. The most important job in his life is editing encyclopedias. He believes that the function of education is to develop good natural quality and restrain bad natural quality through education. It calls for reforming the entire education system, opening schools to all children, taking them back from monks and handing them over to the state for management, and popularizing free primary education. It is believed that teachers should have sufficient material security, profound and extensive subject knowledge, persuasive ability and high moral quality, and resolutely oppose monks as teachers.
(13) Pestalozzi (1746- 1827)
He is a great educational theorist and practitioner, and has written many books such as Song of the Swan.
Put forward the view that education adapts to nature, and think that the purpose of education is to develop all natural strength and ability of human beings and cultivate perfect people. Mothers and families play a great role in infant education. Motherly love is the driving force of education and the foundation of early childhood education.
He emphasized the principle of "psychological education".
Put forward essentialism education, and think that the process of education should start with some simplest elements. The element of moral education is children's love for their mothers. It is determined that "number, form and language" are the basic elements of teaching, which can be summarized as "calculation, quantity and language" He drew up the preliminary teaching methods of language, measurement and calculation, thus laying the foundation for the teaching methods of various subjects in primary schools. The simplest element of children's physical development is the activity of various joints. The idea of combining production with learning is put forward and implemented in practice. It is suggested that productive labor should be the center of school education.
Herbart (1776- 184 1)
German philosopher, psychologist and educator. The representative of traditional pedagogy and the pioneer of modern educational science. Author of General Pedagogy.
His educational thought has dual theoretical bases, namely ethics and psychology. Its ethics mainly refers to five moral concepts. He first declared that psychology was an independent discipline. People believe that ideas are the foundation and the most basic element of psychological activities. Education is to form children's ideas, awaken old ideas, and combine old and new ideas to form a concept group. He also attaches great importance to the role of apperception.
The purpose of education is to cultivate people with good moral character and various upbringing.
It is a negative management to think that children are born with a lack of willpower and emphasize the management of children.
He attached great importance to the educational nature of teaching and guided teaching with educational purposes. Take teaching as the only way of moral education. The earliest proponent of the view of "intellectual education first"
The formal stage of teaching: clarity, association, system and method.
(15) Stilwell
/kloc-German bourgeois democratic educator in the 0/8th century, father of German normal education, author of German teacher training guide and educational yearbook.
It is believed that the factors affecting human development are talent, education and freedom. The purpose of education is to cultivate perfect people. Specific requirements are put forward for teachers.
(XVI) Horace Mann-"the father of American public education"
It is considered that the implementation of universal education is the guarantee for the existence of the Republican government, an important tool for maintaining social stability and an important means for the people to get rid of poverty. Education should cultivate all kinds of professional workers needed by society. Attach importance to normal education.
(XVII) Froebel
Germany is a famous educator, the founder of kindergarten and the founder of modern preschool education. He is known as the "father of preschool education", and his representative works include "Human Education" and "Kindergarten Pedagogy".
Educational principles: unity principle, adaptation to nature principle, development principle and creation principle.
He attaches great importance to the influence of early childhood education and childhood life on people's life. Wu En is a set of teaching AIDS designed by him for children to play games and other activities, which can be used in kindergartens and families. Games and homework are important contents in his early childhood education system. Because they provide conditions for children to carry out self-activities and are also the main means of education.
(18) Owen-the representative of utopian socialism
His socialist theory is utopian, and he is an utopian socialist. His achievements in history are enormous. His educational theory and practice are especially worth cherishing. He is closer to Marxist thought than anyone else and has become a pioneer of Marxist educational theory. For the first time in the world, he founded the preschool education institution "preschool class", and the "new academy" he ran formed a complete education system from infants to adults.
(XIX) Fukuzawa Yukichi
Japanese enlightenment educator who wrote Persuasion and Brief Introduction to Civilization.
It is believed that knowledge is abundant and education is the foundation of the country. Intellectual education lies in learning, but it is limited to practical learning. Moral education lies in cultivating national concept and independent consciousness. Sports is to cultivate healthy citizens.
(20) Spencer
/kloc-a famous British philosopher, sociologist and educational thinker in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, is the main representative of British positivism philosophy. Masterpieces: Comprehensive Philosophy, Educational Theory-Intellectual Education, Moral Education and Physical Education.
People think that the main task of education is to let everyone know how to live a "perfect life", so it is the duty of education to prepare for our perfect life. The order of importance of five human activities: direct protection of their own activities; Indirectly protect their activities from getting the necessities of life; Activities aimed at raising and educating children; Activities related to maintaining normal social and political relations; Various activities to satisfy hobbies and feelings in the leisure time of life.
Put intellectual education first, emphasize self-education in educational methods, oppose boring reading and rote learning, and emphasize self-preservation. Moral education emphasizes autonomy and natural results. I also pay more attention to sports: the need to save myself, stay healthy and compete in life.
Ushchinski (1823- 1870)
He is the founder of Russian pedagogy and his masterpiece in educational science and educational art. ..
He believes that pedagogy is the most extensive, complex, sublime and necessary art of all arts.
It emphasizes the national principle of pedagogy and holds that educators must have a certain educational purpose, that is, to cultivate physical, intellectual and moral perfection and become harmonious people in all aspects. It holds that education is a sacred right and the most important task for family, country and society.
The purpose of moral education is to cultivate patriots, and moral education should be carried out through teaching.
Labor is the basic element and means of education.
(XXII) Montessori
An outstanding early childhood educator in the 20th century promoted the development of new education and children's education, founded Children's Home, and wrote The Montessori Method and The Secret of Childhood.
His educational thought emphasizes the influence of environment on children's psychological development, and thinks that education should provide children with a "prepared environment". The content of preschool education includes sensory education, reading, writing and arithmetic exercises, and practical life exercises.
(XXIII) Makarenko
Educational theorists, educational practitioners, educational innovators and educational artists in the former Soviet Union, 1905- 1920 is the initial stage of their educational activities, and 1920- 1936 is the heyday of their educational activities.
Based on the actual situation of socialist construction in the Soviet Union at that time, makarenko believed that the purpose of education was to train the younger generation to become truly literate Soviets and laborers, and to become useful, skilled, knowledgeable, politically cultivated and morally sound citizens. Put forward the principle of "collectivism education".
(XXIV) zankov
Educators from the former Soviet Union 1957 to 1969 presided over the research on the relationship between education and development, and put forward the developmental teaching theory. Teaching and development.
(25) Suhomlinski
It is pointed out that the goal of education is to cultivate people with all-round and harmonious development, cultivate active participants in social progress and advocate harmonious education, and the "five educations" are demonstrated in detail, which still has reference significance today.
(26) Dewey
One of the few most influential educators in human history in the 20th century, the representative figure of modern pedagogy, the most important pragmatic philosopher and educational theorist, and his masterpiece Democracy and Education.
The essence of education: education is life; Education is growth; Education is the constant transformation of experience.
The purpose of education is to grow up.
Oppose subject teaching and advocate activity curriculum, and its teaching method is "learning by doing"
-Supplement: Educators/psychologists related to educational psychology: (out of order)
Piaget
② Vygotsky
(3) Eriksson
(4) Kohlberg
⑤ Pavlov
(6) Watson
(7) Thorndike
(8) Skinner
Levies Bandura
(10) Kohler
(xi) tolman
(12) bruner
(13) Ausubel
(14) Flowering
(15) Gagne
(16) von Glassfield
(XVII) Wittrock
(18) Spiral ring
(XIX) Rogers
(20) Maslow
Weiner
(XXII) Atkinson
(XXIII) Covington
(XXIV) Devik
(25) Gary Peilin
Gardner
(xxvii) Robert Jeffrey Sternberg.
-Important educational laws and regulations after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
1958 "instruction on education"
1985 "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's decision on the reform of the education system"
1986 "compulsory education law of People's Republic of China (PRC)"
1993 Outline of Education Reform and Development and Teacher Law in China
1995 education law
1999 "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's decision on deepening education reform and promoting quality education in an all-round way"
200 1 Decision of the State Council on the Reform and Development of Basic Education
The following is taken from the network:
Since the reform and opening up, the party and the state have always attached importance to the construction of educational legal system. 1985 "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's decision on the reform of education system" requires that "education legislation must be strengthened while decentralization is being simplified". 1993 "Outline of Education Reform and Development in China" systematically puts forward the objectives and tasks of the construction of education legal system, and explicitly requires "to speed up the construction of education legal system and gradually embark on the track of administering education according to law". 1999 "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council on Deepening Education Reform and Promoting Quality Education in an All-round Way" further emphasizes that "promoting quality education in an all-round way depends on the guarantee of the rule of law and system", and puts forward more clear and specific requirements for improving education legislation, promoting the administration of governments at all levels and their departments according to law, strengthening education law enforcement, deepening publicity and education, and strengthening the construction of educational legal institutions. The Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Strengthening the Construction of Education Legal System issued by 1999 further emphasizes the importance and necessity of administering education according to law, and points out that administering education according to law is an inevitable requirement for deepening the reform and accelerating the development of education in China in the 2 1 century. In the past 30 years, great achievements have been made in the construction of educational legal system, and the level of administering education and administration according to law has been greatly improved.
Legislation at the central level-
The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee have formulated the Regulations on Academic Degrees (1980), the Compulsory Education Law (1986, revised in 2006), the Teachers Law (1993), the Education Law (199) and the Education Law. And the Law on the Protection of Minors (199 1 revised in 2006), the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (1999) and other laws closely related to education.
The State Council has formulated more than ten educational administrative regulations. Specifically, it includes: Interim Measures for the Implementation of Academic Degree Regulations (198 1), Interim Regulations on Work-study Program in Primary and Secondary Schools (1983), Interim Provisions on Management Responsibilities of Higher Education (1986), Provisional Regulations on the Establishment of Ordinary Colleges and Universities (65438) and Provisional Regulations on Self-study Examination of Higher Education (65438) Regulations on Kindergarten Management (65438+), Regulations on Education for the Disabled (1994), Regulations on Teachers' Qualification (1995), Regulations on Chinese-foreign Cooperation in Running Schools (2003) and Regulations on the Implementation of Private Education Promotion Law (2004).
The Ministry of Education has, within its statutory authority, formulated the Measures for the Chinese Proficiency Test, the Measures for the Implementation of the Regulations on Chinese-foreign Cooperation in Running Schools and the Regulations on the Administration of Students in Colleges and Universities. After many regulations cleaning, there are 72 effective regulations. The regulations formulated by our department closely focus on the needs of educational reform and development. For example, in order to promote the development of private education and standardize the management of private schools, we have formulated Several Provisions on the Management of Private Colleges and Universities and Measures for the Establishment and Management of Independent Colleges. In order to strengthen school safety, the Measures for Handling Student Injury Accidents and the Measures for Safety Management of Kindergartens in Primary and Secondary Schools have been formulated.
Legislation at the local level
The economic and social development in different parts of China is unbalanced, and a unified and hierarchical legislative system is implemented in legislation. On the one hand, all localities adhere to the principle of legal unity, on the other hand, according to local conditions, combined with local reality and needs, they have formulated local laws and regulations in line with local education planning and development. For example, Jiangsu Province has formulated nine local laws and regulations, including the Provisional Regulations on Early Childhood Education in Jiangsu Province, the Regulations on Staff Education in Jiangsu Province, and the Regulations on the Prevention and Treatment of Personal Injury Accidents among Primary and Secondary School Students in Jiangsu Province. Sichuan has formulated eight local laws and regulations, including the Regulations on Compulsory Education in Sichuan Province, the Measures for Rewarding Teaching Achievements in Sichuan Province and the Regulations on Running Schools by Social Forces in Sichuan Province. At present, all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities with separate plans have formulated more than 200 local laws and regulations.
In 2007, the State Council's Notice on Approving the Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Education Development of the Ministry of Education clearly stated that the improvement of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's education legal system should be accelerated. We will promote the revision of the education law, the teacher law, the vocational education law, the higher education law and the degree regulations, and start the drafting of the school law, the examination law, the lifelong learning law, the preschool education law and the education supervision regulations in due course. At present, the drafting of the Regulations on Education Supervision is being accelerated.