Lu Ji, Zi, was a famous writer and calligrapher in the Western Jin Dynasty. He is good at poetry and calligraphy, and his literary talent is unparalleled. Together with his brother Lu Yun, he is called "Erlu" and known as "Taikang Englishman". Together with Pan Yue, he is a representative of the poetry circle in the Western Jin Dynasty and is known as the "sea of Panjiang".

Lu Ji was actually born in an era full of opportunities. During the Taikang period, the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty and social stability were rare prosperity in the Three Kingdoms period. It stands to reason that a talented person with profound knowledge and the heart of governing the country like Lu Ji could easily make great achievements at that time. At least in official career, it is easy to mix, but history is always an amazing acquaintance. Literati with great talents in the past dynasties, most of whose official careers are unknown, are very easy to come to a miserable end. Take several famous figures in the afterlife as examples:

In the early Tang Dynasty, Lu became famous at a young age, but he was reduced to the lower class, seriously ill and drowned himself.

In the middle Tang Dynasty, Li Changji and talented men had no choice but to be promoted and died of illness and depression.

Xu Wenchang in Ming Dynasty was an outstanding scholar, but he died alone without even mentioning it.

Look at Lu Ji's life again. He was born into a noble family, but when he was young, he was doomed to national subjugation, and his family glory disappeared. In order to revive the threshold, he entered a new dynasty with full sadness and talent. However, he was excluded because of his southern identity and cultural differences between the north and the south, and his career was not smooth, and he was eager to become famous. He was criticized for his excessive behavior and was jailed in the imperial clan dispute. He doesn't know how to protect himself.

In the winter of 303, on an ordinary morning, Lu Ji had just come out of the Prime Minister's Office when he was detained by a group of people. No one listened to his explanation and no one asked him anything. He took off his military uniform and put on a white shirt. He climbed onto the scaffold and sighed, "Why do I smell it again?" He was immediately punished at the age of 43, with two sons and two children. On this day, the fog closed, the wind broke the trees, and the snow on the ground was more than a foot thick. The foot soldiers all lamented the injustice of the landing plane. It is recorded in the Book of Jin:

Machine explained his military uniform, dressed in white, smiled and greeted Xiu, saying, "Since the fall of Wu, my brothers and clans owe the country, and they have joined the army to produce bamboo. Chengdu ordered me to shoulder the heavy responsibility, but I didn't get it. This is not a life to be punished today! "Because of the clever writing, the words are very sad. Then he sighed and said, "How can I hear about pavilions and cranes? "He was killed in the army at the age of 43. Two sons Wei and Xia Yitong were killed. The death of the machine is not its crime, but the pain of the foot soldiers, all of which shed tears. It was a foggy day, and the trees were broken by the strong wind, and the ground was covered with snow. The arguer thinks that the Lu case is wrong.

Lu Ji's life has always been a great shame. In just forty-three years, he devoted himself to official career only to revive the threshold, and his ideal failed. At the critical moment of his great success, he abruptly reversed to the tragic end of the collapse of the whole nation.

Li Bai once compared Lu Ji with Reese, including a poem:

The brilliant scholar's hope failed, and Minister Li regretted not retiring.

Save his life by hearing the crane's cry and falcon's gray hunting because of his long-cherished wish?

But in fact, compared with Reese, Lu Ji's life is even more bleak. Li Si helped Qin Huang unify the six countries and ranked among the three countries. Lu Ji's official career is just a dull literature and history.

Although Lu Ji has made few achievements in his official career, his achievements in poetry and calligraphy are undeniable.

His poetic style is complicated, his words are gorgeous, and he is good at parallel prose, creating a generation of ethos. Liu Xie comments on his poetic cloud in Wen Xin Diao Long;

Lu Ji just wants to get a glimpse of the depth and speak widely, so he can think skillfully without being complicated.

Needless to say, his calligraphy achievement "Ping Fu Tie" became the first orderly calligraphy ink in history, with the reputation of "the originator of calligraphy" and was rated as one of the nine "treasures of town and country". Dong Qichang praised the cloud:

Before the Right Army and after the Yuan Dynasty, there were only a few lines left, which were the treasures of later generations.

More than 300 years after Lu Ji's death, during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, the court opened a book of Jin. Emperor Taizong personally wrote the historical theory of "a hundred generations of literati, the only one" for Lu Ji, and highly affirmed his political talent of "gathering talents in the corridors and temples and marking Hu Lian".

It's a pity that a wise master like Emperor Taizong will never meet Lu Ji in his life.

In 26 1 year, the gentry in Jiangdong were headed by Zhang, Zhu, Gu and Lu, who were born in mainland China.

His father, Lu Kang, was appointed as the Sima of Soochow. He fought against yang hu in the Western Jin Dynasty all the year round, and led 30,000 Wu Jun to defeat 80,000 in the Western Jin Dynasty. He was a great star of the generation. Grandfather Lu Xun defeated Liu Bei in the battle of Yiling, and he was also a famous star in history.

Lu Kang's fourth son, Lu Ji, was born in Zhong Ding's home. When he was young, he traveled around the city and received a good education. He is familiar with Confucian classics and abides by etiquette norms. His vision and literary talent are natural and extraordinary. As an adult, he is more heroic. According to the Book of Jin:

The fuselage is seven feet long and sounds like a bell. There are few different talents, and the article is the best in the world. It is impolite to obey Confucianism.

There were not many good days when Lu Ji was young. In 274, Lu Kang died. Lu Ji, who is only 13 years old, is the goalkeeper of Pianjiang. His father left him brothers Yan Lu, Lu Jing, Xuan Lu and younger brother Lu Yun. He could have made great achievements in his early career, but how could he have expected the storm to come?

In 280 AD, in Enemy at the Gates in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Lujia brothers were outnumbered in the resistance. Yan Lu and Lu Jing died, Lu Ji was defeated, Wu Zhu Sun Hao surrendered, and Soochow perished, thus ending the most glorious Three Kingdoms period in China history.

Jiangshan changed hands and the clan suffered, leaving a deep shadow in the heart of Lu Ji, who enjoyed the success. Now only he and his two younger brothers are left, and no one knows how sad the young Lu Ji is. The world only looks at his poems, and there are more elegies:

Tell the child not to smell, but cry the child not to know.

Sigh heavily and miss my past.

-Luji's Elegy

Later, Lu Ji returned to Huating's ancestral home, "retired to my old house, studied hard behind closed doors, and accumulated for ten years."

Ten years in Huating is painful for Lu Ji, who is aiming to brighten the lintel. He was deeply saddened that his country was difficult to recover. However, his ideal ambition and the responsibility of family rejuvenation prompted him to embark on a new journey, and former ministers had to be loyal to the new dynasty. This kind of psychological contradiction and struggle deeply entangles the lander.

While expressing his feelings for mountains and rivers, he strengthened his recognition of the value of the new regime. He wrote "On Death", summed up the reasons for the rise and fall of Wu Dong, an old minister of national subjugation, and expressed the achievements of his ancestors. His political talent is evident.

After completing a series of psychological construction, in the second year of Yuankang, the court of the Western Jin Dynasty recruited Lu Ji to wash horses for the prince, and Lu Ji and his younger brother were called into Romania with the determination to revive the lintel.

When the new dynasty was established, it was a peaceful and prosperous time. On the way to Los Angeles, Lu Ji had mixed feelings:

I feel sleepy when I think about it at night.

He leaned against Song Yan, listening to the bell of hate.

The clear dew falls on Su Hui, and the bright moon shines brightly.

I can't sleep with a pillow and want to shake my clothes.

-Lu Ji's "Going to Luo Dao to Handle Affairs"

This prosperous dynasty is not his dynasty. His family was once an enemy of this dynasty. However, now he has to surrender to its king and be loyal to it. The future is unpredictable. He tossed and turned all the way and couldn't sleep at night: he couldn't sleep with a pillow, but he couldn't think alone.

The new dynasty was polite to him, and Emperor Wu of Jin specially summoned him. Zhang Hua, a literary leader, also appreciated his literary talent very much, and even praised him for "winning the second place in the battle against Wu". He thought that the biggest gain of the Western Jin Dynasty's annexation of Sun Wu was not the unification of Jiangnan, but the acquisition of the Luyun brothers. Such praise is hard to avoid being harsh on the Lu Ji brothers.

But in any case, under the recommendation of Zhang Hua, Luji made a wide range of dignitaries and literati in the Western Jin Dynasty, and his reputation increased greatly. At that time, the literary world was headed by Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie and Zhang Kang, who were collectively called "Three Pieces". After the Luji brothers became famous in Luoyang, people even said that "two plots of land entered Luoyang and three plots of land were reduced in price".

It can be seen that in Luoyang, where talents gather, they can also gain a foothold with their own talents and become famous for a time. "Book of Jin" has the record that "the mouth of Beijing is flowing and the sound is overflowing".

Even so, Lu Ji still bears a grudge against this new dynasty. Of course, some people hold a grudge against him. At that time, the political center, economic center and cultural center were all in the north. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, despite the need to stabilize the situation in the south, Lu Ji adopted some appeasement strategies, giving preferential treatment to local dignitaries and reassuring people. But in terms of fundamental policy, Jiangnan is still regarded as a conquered occupied area. Coupled with the remoteness of the south, the North Gate naturally has a psychological advantage of strong self-esteem. It ignored the so-called gentry in the south of the Yangtze River, and Luji was despised, rejected and even humiliated by the gentry in the Central Plains.

On one occasion, Lu Ji went to visit Wang Ji, a celebrity. He is Mao's son-in-law and once served as an assistant to senior officials. He is luxurious and delicious, especially good at food. When they met, Ji Wang pointed to the goat cheese on the dining table and asked Lu Ji, "Why is Qingjiangdong so hostile?" I heard that Jiangnan cuisine is everywhere. Is there anything like cheese? In a word, the voice-over is obviously mocking that Jiangnan is in a wild place and there is nothing. Lu Ji immediately replied, "there is a thousand miles of thick soup, but it is not marinated in soy sauce." The soup made by water shield in the south of the Yangtze River is delicious and smooth without seasoning such as salty soy sauce.

At this time, there is an atmosphere of infighting.

It seems that regional discrimination is not a product of modern times, and the humiliation suffered by Jiangnan scholars in the north has a profound political and cultural background.

In this new dynasty, Lu Ji has always been like an outsider. While he was careful, he continued to write elegies for the lost motherland and his wandering fate:

Elegy is sung with wheels. How pathetic it is to make a noise.

Tolerance in the clouds. The wind can't go back

-Lu Ji's Elegy of Shu Ren

As a former aristocratic family in the south of the Yangtze River, Lu Ji was naturally suppressed, humiliated and excluded politically in the sinister officialdom environment, which means that Lu Ji's career path is long and difficult.

After Lu Ji entered Romania, he could not integrate into the circle of northerners for a long time, largely because of the cultural division between the north and the south during the Three Kingdoms period.

With the rise of metaphysics in the north, the life consciousness of scholars has been awakened unprecedentedly, paying more attention to the individual spirit beyond political morality and actively pursuing the shaping of ideal personality.

The south, on the other hand, abides by the traditional Confucian classics and acts according to Confucian etiquette.

Northerners regard the south as a wild land, but in the eyes of southern scholars such as Lu Ji, those northern scholars who focus on chatting, drinking, taking drugs and having fun are all decadent and dissolute people, which is simply a waste of life and a violation of discipline.

As a noble family, Lu Ji showed untimely arrogance. I stayed in Luoyang for a long time and didn't have much contact. On the contrary, he made many enemies, such as Lu Zhi, who was far above him at that time, and Pan Yue, who wrote Sandu Fu to make Luoyang paper expensive, all of whom were offended by Lu Ji.

It is said that scholars despise each other, but Lu Ji seems to be conceited. He is in a foreign country, and to put it bluntly, he is from "national conquered people". This temper has no idea of convergence. No wonder he has been in Luoyang for ten years, and he is still only in a small official position like Zhu Zuolang.

Lu Ji has a complicated personality and is also unlucky. His career in Luoyang is dangerous and his life is doomed.

Shortly after the death of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, Emperor Hui of Jin Dynasty ascended the throne, eight governors of Sima family began to fight with each other. History:

When China was in trouble, Dai Re-si and others advised the machine to return Wu, but the machine failed to do so, but it was difficult to conquer the world, so it refused.

At this time, it is really surprising that Lu Ji made such a choice. Obviously, it is not good to spend ten years in Luoyang. At this time, the Jin Dynasty was in a period of civil strife and imperial clan struggle. As an "outsider", Lu Ji doesn't need to help anyone. You can go back to Wujun to avoid things, but Lu Ji did not listen to his friends' advice and stayed in Luoyang on the grounds of "overcoming difficulties."

On another level, it is not difficult to understand the choice of the land machine. He has the ambition to revitalize his family. At that time, he had just established himself in Luoyang. Although the political environment was complicated and the world was in chaos, people were needed in troubled times. He wanted to seize this opportunity to make a difference, but in the end, he didn't get it.

Lu Ji first defected to the door of Yang Jun, the father of Empress Dowager Cixi, who was in charge of state affairs, and served as a drink offering. However, before the location became hot, Queen Jia launched a coup and killed her, and a series of contradictory struggles of the royal family in the Western Jin Dynasty evolved into the "Eight Kings Rebellion".

When Yang Jun was killed, Lu Ji switched to Jia Mi, the nephew of Queen Jia, who was "stronger and had more guests". It can be said that she knelt down and lost her literati demeanor, and was listed as one of the "twenty-four friends of Jingu" in Krabi. Later, Sima Yan, the king of Wu, left Huainan and became the commander-in-chief of Wu. He has been transferred to the positions of soldier lang, temple lang and writer lang in Shangshu.

In the ninth year of Yuankang, Lu Ji changed his surname to Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, and participated in the plot to seize power. Sima Lun then eradicated Queen Jia and Jia Mi, and then usurped the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, making Lu Ji the new Zhongshulang.

No matter have it both ways or seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, Lu Ji just clings to various political groups, seeking a foothold, which shows that he has both fame and fortune and is eager for success. But he can't tell the status quo clearly, and he can only get deeper and deeper and get into trouble. His heart is full of anxiety:

If you are thirsty, don't drink spring water. If you are hot, you will become evil.

Evil trees have no branches, and people with lofty ideals work hard.

……

Quiet words are at the bottom of the valley, whistling all over the mountains.

Sharp strings have no timid sounds, and bright knots are difficult to sound.

Life is not easy, and the clouds are scattered.

As soon as possible, I am Geng Jiehuai, ashamed of ancient and modern times.

-"Roar in the Tiger"

I was thirsty and didn't drink the stolen spring water. I was too hot to rest in the evil shade. As an aristocratic family, a Confucian scholar kept to the source, attached importance to honesty, cherished his name and stayed away from notoriety. In order to revive the family, he had to bow to the State of Jin. However, his career was difficult and dangerous, and he still accomplished nothing. He wandered between the valleys, sometimes whispering, sometimes whispering, still affectionate. Because of Geng Jie's personality, it is impossible for him to live in seclusion in Shan Ye, and it is difficult for him to succeed in his career. So he feels guilty about taking care of his life.

In the first year of Yongning, Sima Tang, king of Qi, joined forces with Sima Ying, king of DuDu, and Sima Yi, king of Hejian, and set out to crusade against Sima Lun. Lu Ji can't escape naturally, and will be taken into custody and convicted, and will be executed. Fortunately, Sima Ying stayed in love and Lu Ji survived.

After Sima Tong came to power, he was arrogant and extravagant, and lost people's hearts. Lu Ji is naturally disgusted. He satirized Shi Haofu, but Sima Tong disagreed. Sure enough, not long after, Sima Tong was killed by Sima Yu, Sima Ying and Sima Ai.

Sima Ying won the hearts of the people because of her promotion and comfort to corporal. Sima Ying saved by Lu Ji is a natural person who can save the stone and pacify the disaster. He was appointed as the military staff officer of General Sima Ying's office, recommended by him as the civil history of the plain, and was later called "Lu Plain".

I have to say, as far as the situation at that time is concerned, Lu Ji finally made the correct political speculation. At that time, Sima Ying was in full swing. He is interested in wooing and integrating the forces of all parties and has great potential to reorganize the great cause of mountains and rivers. Lu Ji, as a person from the old dynasty and the south, is naturally worthy of reuse. On the recommendation of Luji, Sima Ying recruited Luji's younger brothers Lu Yun, Lu Dan, Nanren Sun Hui and Sun Zheng into the shogunate. Since then, a group headed by Luji has also been formed.

At that time, Sima Ying was the king of Chengdu, who had been guarding Yecheng for a long time, and his influence was mostly in Hebei. Hebei Group takes Lu Zhi and Meng Jiu as the core. They helped Sima Ying to fight in the south and north, and gained a firm foothold in Hebei. They are not interested in national disputes, but it is essential for Sima Ying to be busy outside in order to unify the political power. In this situation, they have to entrust the heavy responsibility to Lu Ji and others.

In the second year of Tai 'an, Sima Ying opposed Sima Wang, who was in charge of state affairs in Changsha, and appointed Lu Ji as a former general and striker. Wang Cui, Qian Xiu and others led two hundred thousand troops to attack Luoyang.

Sima Ying's move can be said to put Lu Ji in the public eye. An old minister of Soochow now occupies an important position and commands the three armed forces, which naturally causes dissatisfaction with Hebei Group. Lu Ji also knows this and refuses to go. However, Sima Ying obviously had no other candidates and insisted on letting Luji lead the troops. Although Lu Ji was worried, he still wanted to succeed in World War I and revive the lintel, so he led the troops into battle.

In order to boost the morale of Lu Ji, Sima Ying sent a baili drum team to the other side. Historically, Lu Ji's army marched from Chao Ge to He Qiao, and the drums were thundering for hundreds of miles. The generals have never been so spectacular since the Han and Wei Dynasties.

However, although Lu Zhishen's army was magnificent, it did not win, but was defeated by Wang Sima. 200,000 troops suffered heavy losses, and corpses piled up everywhere, even the rivers were blocked and cut off. There are notes in the Book of Jin:

As for the river bridge, the drums have been beating for hundreds of miles, which has been very popular since the Han and Wei Dynasties. The King of Changsha served Tian Zi and fought against the machine in Luyuan. The machine army was defeated and defected to Qilijian, but the dead piled up like a mountain, and the water did not flow.

After the defeat, Lu Zhi, Meng Jiu and others took the opportunity to slander Sima Ying and frame him for rebellion because of their crimes. Sima Ying was deeply convinced that his trust had been betrayed. In great anger, the scholar secretly arrested and executed Lu Ji.

In the face of the soldiers who came to arrest themselves, Lu Ji seemed to have expected it and looked calm.

Take off your uniform and put on white mourning clothes. Before his execution, Lu Ji thought of the crane sound over Huating again and sighed, "The crane sound in Huating can be smelled again." So he died peacefully, and a generation of celebrities died at the age of 43.

On his deathbed, Lu Ji remembered the cooing crane in Huating's former residence. Unfortunately, he never heard it again. This is nostalgia, memory, and maybe a little regret.

According to the eastern Jin Ge Hong's "Bao Puzi", Lu Ji said before he died:

Poor communication, when also; Encounter, life is also. The ancients said they were immortals. I hate that my book is not finished.

Lu Ji was born brilliant, but he was unlucky. As a typical scholar, he could have written books all his life and made immortal achievements, but he had no choice but to set foot on a strange political stage. Unconsciously, his fate was involved, and such an outcome can only be attributed to fate.

Throughout Lu Ji's life, it seems that he is not suitable for participating in politics. His literary talent is unparalleled, with both poetry and books, and he has also made achievements in history. Judging from his series of official experiences in Los Angeles, his tragic ending seems to be born for him:

First, personality Geng Jie, too arrogant; As mentioned earlier, due to the cultural differences between the north and the south and Lu Ji's own personality, he made many enemies during his stay in Luoyang, so that it was difficult to open up the situation in his career. At the critical moment, many people fell down without the help of northern families. Even in the end, it was because Lu Zhi and other offended people added fuel to the fire and fanned the flames that the whole family came to a sad end.

The second is to overestimate yourself and not distinguish the situation; Lu Ji's most fatal choice was when he was appointed by Sima Ying. He knew that he was at the center of the contradiction and could not lead the troops. On the one hand, he still hasn't won the trust of Sima Ying; on the other hand, his colleagues crowd him out. In this case, even if he wins, he risks being kicked down the ladder and making a wedding dress for others. Lu Ji obviously failed to understand this situation, but he just wanted to make a name for himself and make contributions.

Third, underestimate the situation and be eager to become famous; Another key choice of Lu Ji is that when the chaos of the imperial clan in the Jin Dynasty intensifies, the situation becomes more complicated, confusing and unpredictable. It is not the wisest choice to retreat to Wujun, and it is also wise to wait and see for a while, but Luji was too greedy for fame and fortune, made the most risky choice in the chaotic situation, put all his eggs in one basket, and finally lost the game.

It is doomed to be a tragedy to participate in political struggle with the idealized temperament of literati.

Hu Ceng, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Huating" with a cloud:

There is no Luoyang city in the west, and Wu Youlv.

Under the blue moon, the chitose crane is still a night flower pavilion.

Wu Dongchun is full of grass, pavilions and cranes, where is the spirit of Lu Ji going?