The analytic hierarchy process follows the boundaries of five classes in semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. After the socialist transformation is completed,
Committed to opposing the bourgeoisie and narrowing the difference between workers and peasants. Because the people are the masters of the country, the proletariat plays an important role in politics, economy
The system is relatively simple, coupled with the conservative egalitarianism of household registration system, personnel system and distribution system, social stratification is not obvious.
There is little difference between interest groups, which can be basically divided into three classes: workers, farmers and cadres. Although during the Cultural Revolution
Class struggle is brought up again, and social classes are divided by family members, which artificially causes abnormal social struggle movements and seriously affects them.
People's social life and social relations, but the overall distribution of social resources is relatively average, and social stratification is relatively simple.
Single.
Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the party's principles and policies, the economic system reform has merged single ownership into multiple ownership.
With the transformation of the mode of existence and the separation of ownership and management, the social and professional structure has undergone tremendous changes, and the reform of the political system has promoted politics.
The separation of enterprises, the relatively loose personnel and household registration system, the widespread use of recruitment system and contract system have accelerated social mobility, especially
The "big pot" in the distribution system has been broken, the gap between social members in economic income and labor insurance benefits has widened, and social differentiation has been compared.
Obviously, there are a number of people who get rich first and then get rich, as well as some unemployed and vagrants, and social stratification is becoming more and more complicated. city
Due to the different ownership and the change of management mode, the working class in cities and towns are in state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises respectively.
Industry, joint ventures and private enterprises. In the new mode of production, new division of labor and occupations have emerged, such as managers, brokers,
Managers, employers, business owners, contractors and so on. Under the condition of weakening unit boundaries and diversification of distribution, the income of urban workers
Social status is rapidly divided. Due to the rise of responsibility system, contract system and township enterprises, new farmers have appeared in rural areas.
In addition to the original collective farmers and individual farmers, there are also contractors and managers of township enterprises.
Employers, individual businessmen, cadres and technicians, etc. Diversification makes the income and lifestyle of labor different.
. All workers, due to the different nature of their work and the conditions they rely on, have poor social status, wages and benefits.
Encounters and lifestyles are different, and the development prospects are also very different, breaking the original cadres, workers,
The three-tier structure of farmers has formed the current social stratification and diversification in China.
We believe that in the transformation from an agricultural society to an industrial society, China's social stratification includes class stratification and stratum.
Diversification in two aspects. Class stratification refers to the division of several levels within the existing class due to different social and economic status.
Groups, such as the working class, are divided into several interest groups because of their different division of labor and positions. These interest groups are not pure
Unified political interests include several economic and social interests. Class diversity refers to the gradual differentiation of the whole society.
Various groups with different social characteristics live in the same society, and because of the different quantities and ways of obtaining social resources, the society
Members of the association show different characteristics in politics, economy, social prestige and promotion opportunities. In other words, social stratification
It can be developed from within the class or distinguished from different classes. We use Marxist class division.
The combination of analytic method and stratum analytic method is to pay attention to the difference between social class structure and stratum structure, and cannot be confused.
If the nature of class and stratum is confused, class analysis cannot be replaced by class analysis. At present, China is still in the primary stage of socialism.
Because opposing classes no longer exist, rather than hostile class differences still exist, and there is even an order of exploitation by using capital.
As one of the economic components of socialism, they play a certain role, but they are all restricted by the socialist system.
In line with the characteristics of primary society, there is no hostility and hierarchy. Other classes also live on an equal footing under the leadership of the working class.
Complement each other. China's class division is mainly the division of the relative differences of social characteristics of social members, which belongs to classlessness.
The standards of stratification and division are also varied, such as region, ownership, economic income, occupation, lifestyle and so on. along with
Social status differences between groups divided according to certain standards can be regarded as class differences.
Under the guarantee of China's socialist system, the class difference in social stratification is not serious, but the class difference lies in society.
Outstanding performance in the transition period. Although it is difficult to draw a clear line between classes, it is due to political treatment, social prestige and
The social status sequence of different levels formed by the difference of promotion opportunities is more obvious than before the reform and opening up, and they are the same level.
The interests and opportunities of social members are close under realistic conditions, while the interests and opportunities at different levels are more and more obvious.
The difference. Especially with the social distribution according to production requirements, people's income sources and differences will be more and more, which will also make it
Lifestyle has changed. This paper mainly discusses the differences of educational opportunities of different social classes under the current conditions.
The indicators of the same class are mainly measured in four dimensions: urban and rural residence, work unit, professional position and economic income. teach
This paper mainly analyzes educational opportunities according to the connotation of educational sociology, and examines the changes of social stratification in China from a macro perspective.
The influence of educational equity.
First of all, the difference in living conditions between urban and rural residents is a feature of the dual social structure in China, and it is also an educational machine for urban and rural residents.
The worst manifestation of injustice. Due to the historical conditions of our country, the difference between urban and rural areas has been very serious. Since the reform and opening up, cities
The living standard of rural residents has improved obviously, but the living conditions are still very different. Especially in education policy,
Long-term emphasis on giving priority to the development of urban education has led to a situation in which education investment and teacher conditions are tilted towards rural education, whether it is
It lags far behind the city in terms of school conditions, teaching level, educational opportunities and educational investment. According to population 1996
Spot checks show that about 70% of China's existing population of 654.38+22.4 million lives in rural areas, and the state's education funds are mainly invested in cities.
Most of the education funds in rural areas are self-raised, and the distribution of teachers who are willing to go to rural areas has been relatively small.
A large number of private teachers and substitute teachers are used in the village, and the teaching equipment and teachers' conditions have been unqualified for a long time. Display 1990
According to statistics, the area of dangerous buildings in schools in China is 1, 3 1.2 million square meters, accounting for 86% in rural areas, and the teacher-student ratio of primary and secondary school students in China is 1.4:
1 and 22: 1, and 18: 1 and 25: 1 in rural areas, with 30.4% private teachers; The qualified rate of urban middle school equipment is as follows
42.5%, per capita has 2 1 book, while rural middle schools only have 17.6% and 3.6 books respectively; In China, there are 65.438+0.8 billion illiterate and semi-illiterate.
Among the illiterate population, rural areas account for 90%, and the enrollment rate, consolidation rate and compulsory education penetration rate are not as good as those in rural areas.
City (Note: Blue Book of Social Development in China, edited by Guo, Yunnan People's Publishing House199665438+February edition. )。
There are many reasons for the unequal educational opportunities between urban and rural areas, mainly because the dual economic and social structure in China has formed urban and rural housing.
People are two completely different identity groups, with different production and life styles, and the quantity and way of obtaining social resources are obviously different.
The difference makes the social status of rural residents obviously lower than that of urban residents, coupled with China's weak economic foundation and tilted policies.
Natural and man-made factors have formed the urban-rural differences in educational opportunities, whether in educational conditions or in teaching.
There is a big gap between urban and rural areas in educational concepts and levels. We should face up to this problem and adopt appropriate policies and methods to make adjustments.
Only in this way can we promote the educational equity and sustainable development of the whole society.
Secondly, the nature of urban residents' work unit is a special standard in China's social stratification, which still affects residents.
Their children's living conditions and educational opportunities. Before the reform and opening up, China was basically a social organization dominated by single public ownership.
The structure, the nature of the unit where social members work and the amount of social resources that individuals get have little to do with each other, which leads to social inequality.
The phenomenon is relatively inconspicuous. After the reform and opening up, China has gradually formed a unit with multiple ownership systems as the main body.
Department, many policies and regulations are treated differently around the nature of the unit, so that the nature of the unit reflects the interests of society and individuals.
Relationship, social members contact the society through the unit, and get their due social status and interests. Therefore, the unit of society
The function is gradually strengthened and becomes the basis for dividing social classes. And the forms and realities obtained by social members in different units.
According to statistics, 1993 employees of 273 million enterprises in China, employees of state-owned enterprises account for about 30%.
%, collective enterprises account for about 13%, township enterprises account for about 4 1%, individual and private enterprises account for about 4%, and foreign-funded enterprises account for about.
1 1% (Note: Statistical Abstracts of China (1994), China Statistical Publishing House, 1994). Page 2 1-7 1. ), each
The average annual income of employees in ownership units has gradually widened, and the wage difference between state-owned, collective and other economic units is 1: 0.7.
3: 1.4 1, in which the wages of employees in individual private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises are about twice as high as those in public-owned enterprises, and those in private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises are about twice as high.
The annual income of industrial and commercial households is 2-3 times that of employees of various enterprises. These differences in personal economic income make members of society live in society.
Living conditions and consumption levels are very different and become different social classes. At present, employees in different units are formed.
Class is quite common in our country, representing the division of the working class, and the class difference of the working class is expanding.
So their children's educational opportunities are different. In some schools, some teachers have discriminated against self-employed children from the past to the present.
Have a preference, just because it is profitable. With the legalization of income from various ownership systems and economic sectors, the new society is unequal.
Will gradually intensify, and the problem of unfair education will become more and more serious.
Thirdly, the widening family income gap leads to different educational consumption patterns at all levels, resulting in new educational unfairness.
According to the survey of 65438-0995 by the Urban Survey Corps of the National Bureau of Statistics, the urban families in China are divided into 5,000 yuan and below according to their annual income.
Poor families account for 3. 8%, families with food and clothing of 5000- 10000 yuan accounted for 36. 1%, and families with well-off 1-30000 yuan accounted for.
50. 1%, 3-65438+ millionaire families account for 8%, and 65438+ millionaire families account for 1%, which shows the development of class structure in China.
Great changes have taken place, and there are still about 40% families living in difficulties. On the other hand, the country's price reform and
The reform of tuition system has brought new pressure to parents of low-income families, who must provide education for their children.
. In the past, the children of employees of state-owned enterprises had schools run by enterprises or some subsidies, but now there are few such preferential treatments and they are laid off.
The workers' living allowance is pitiful, and it is difficult to continue to support even the children's education expenses. According to the autumn statistics of 1992, the number of primary and secondary school students in China.
The average tuition fees for middle school students and high school students are about 200 yuan, 240 yuan and 400 yuan respectively (Note: Blue Book of Social Development in China, Yunnan).
People's Publishing House, 1996, p. 206. ), some samples actually charge under various pretexts in violation of state regulations, and some schools charge under various pretexts.
All kinds of fees are collected by students who choose schools, students who choose places, sponsors and other famous schools. For example, some primary and secondary schools in Guangzhou charge a sponsorship fee of 5- 10 yuan just in case.
The secondary enrollment of primary and middle school students is beyond the reach of ordinary working class, and some of them have turned private for-profit schools into "aristocratic schools".
Schools, in order to collect the education reserve of 1.5-0.3 million per person, recruit students from the society, the school's equipment, teachers and environmental conditions are extremely superior.
Although it is reasonable and feasible to meet various educational needs, it is contrary to the spirit of compulsory education and educational equity in China.
The competition in ordinary schools has also lost some fair conditions because of economic differences. If after-school tutoring or tutoring costs more,
The higher the cost, the more expensive the school supplies and materials. From 1992, the per capita education consumption of each household in China increased to 64 yuan.
1994 126 yuan (Note: Statistical Abstracts of China (1995), China Statistical Publishing House, 1995, p. 54. )
Many low-income parents are at a loss and confused about their children's education. This is a new teaching worthy of attention.
Unequal reproductive opportunities.
Finally, the gap formed by different industries and jobs has widened, which has artificially aggravated the inequality of educational opportunities. Open reform
Before the revolution, the social structure of China was relatively simple and unified, and the planned economy and centralized politics made the three social classes relatively divided.
Cadres, workers and farmers have basically the same income, prestige and power in their respective industries. With the opening up
The reform emphasizes the role of human resources, changes the life tenure system in the personnel labor system, and plays the role of the wage distribution system.
Break the egalitarianism of "big pot rice", further embody the principle of distribution according to work, promote social competition and talent flow, and open to the outside world.
The gap of individual labor income is in line with the needs and laws of social development. Since the introduction of the "national civil service system", the original
The status of cadres has been replaced by national civil servants and enterprise managers, who are important independent classes in social stratification.
This class is also divided into several different grades according to occupation, such as power, status, income and prestige. Different positions mean land.
Different positions are reflected in children's educational opportunities. Under the condition of market competition, the privilege of a position is also
In order to provide convenience for children's education, some people use power to obtain degrees, some people use power to obtain better educational conditions, and some people use power.
The superior educational results and outlet make the educational equity interfered by power. Different industries and occupations also affect the family economy.
The difference in conditions indirectly affects children's educational opportunities. Parents with low status suffer from livelihood and can only choose convenience for their children.
The educational conditions of the industry or the parents who finish their studies ahead of schedule, and the parents who take advantage of the characteristics and advantages of the industry and occupation, seek
Let their children receive proper education under such conditions. In this way, the position factor gradually penetrated into the field of education and made progress in educational opportunities.
The abnormal wrestling makes the ideal of educational fairness distorted to some extent.
In addition, some industries do not have certain promotion and capital increase procedures, and overemphasize the professional position factor, which leads to the allocation of social resources.
Just because of the position, XOR has widened the grade and spawned new bureaucrats and profit-seeking classes, such as the leaders of some key government departments
All kinds of welfare and abnormal income have been ten times and dozens of times higher than their post salary. China employees of some foreign-funded enterprises or
The average monthly income of state-owned enterprise leaders is higher than the annual wage income of enterprise employees. At present, the annual income of China is about 4.4 million.
With an income of more than 30,000 yuan, 2 million people own more than one million houses, and the national poverty population is about 80 million, of which 20 million are
Living in a town, the monthly income is less than 103 yuan. (Note: China Society in 2 1 century, edited by Lu, published by Yunnan People's Publishing House.
1996, page 156. )。 The income of middle and lower class families accounted for 63.4%, and the Gini coefficient reflecting social distribution also increased.
0995 1.44, reaching a large gap. Such a sharp contrast in figures shows that the disparity between the rich and the poor in society is getting worse and worse.
In recent years, this factor is a severe test of educational equity in China.
In addition to the above analysis, the social stratification in China also has an impact on regional education equity and gender education equity.
Indirect influence. On the one hand, the diversification of social stratification is helpful to adjust the inequality of educational opportunities in combination with regional economic and social conditions.
And so on, in order to meet the growing demand for diversified education and eliminate the traditional feudal hereditary education concept and backward paternalism.
The concept of inferiority urges parents from all walks of life to strive for equal educational opportunities in different regions and genders. On the other hand, some areas are particularly backward.
Social differentiation in poverty-stricken areas will aggravate the inequality of educational opportunities within the region or between the sexes, making the poor unable to cope.
Give up or lose children's educational opportunities, especially girls' educational opportunities. Some recent surveys and statistics show that
Knowing this worry, there are 654.38 billion illiterates in our country, two thirds of whom are women, and two thirds of the two million school-age children are women.
Children, two thirds of the nearly 3 million out-of-school children are girls (Note:1Guangming Daily, March 22, 995), most of whom are girls.
Women living in poor areas. In addition, women's enrollment, education level, education process and employment distribution.
There is obvious inequality, and the more economically backward the region, the greater the gender gap. It is not that our education system discriminates against poverty.
The tendency of people or women is a problem of our traditional ideas and parents' consciousness, and it is also a reality limited by social conditions.
Therefore, social stratification is an indirect factor affecting the fairness of regional and gender education, and we can only do further research on these situations.
It provides more basis and measures for the educational equity project that adapts to the changes of social stratification in China.
Since the reform and opening up, the social stratification in China has become more and more complicated, and many new social stratification situations are positive.
Significantly, with the change of social structure, the social differentiation model based on hereditary identity will gradually be based on social members themselves.
This change has replaced the hierarchical model based on study and occupation, which has made people have a new pursuit of educational equity and eliminated this situation.
The complexity of social stratification at different stages has a negative impact on educational equity, which is helpful to solve a series of educational interest contradictions.
The diversification and personification of help and grade standards have changed the conservative tendency of traditional feudal hereditary identity, especially the members of society.
Power, income, prestige and opportunities depend more and more on individuals' education and efforts, which makes social mobility more reasonable.
Gender, education and personal social status are closely related, reflecting the changes in social structure, more rational and benign development, while society
The influence of stratification on educational equity is meaningful only under reasonable stratification conditions, which makes the whole society pay attention to education.
Care about the fairness of educational opportunities and promote normal social mobility. We study the influence of social stratification on education, mainly
The new situation of social stratification has a direct impact on the issue of educational equity, many of which are negative. In short, China's current society.
The influence of social stratification on educational equity is objective, and we should pay enough attention to it and study it carefully. We hope so too.
Based on the spirit of educational equity, educators should strengthen the research on educational countermeasures of social stratification changes in China and improve the educational system.
Ensure educational equity and promote the sustainable development of China's education and society facing the 2 1 century.