The influence of Mohism's educational thought 1 Mohism is one of the main philosophical schools in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in China, and it has formed a prosperous situation with the philosophical system of the three great men represented by Confucius (Confucianism) and Laozi (Taoism). Mohism was born in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai (Mozi). Mohist Shang Xian's theory of governing the country, frugality philosophy, universal love, mutual non-aggression and people-oriented social ethics have had a positive impact on the moral level and social development of contemporary citizens. Mohism's thoughts of military defense, mutual non-aggression and universal love are of great significance to contemporary China.
Keywords Mozi; Fraternity; Non-aggressive; sense of worth
First, the influence of Mohism.
Early Mohism had a great influence in the early Warring States period, and Mohism also had a great influence at that time. In the pre-Qin period, Confucianism and Mohism were antagonistic. In the late Warring States period, the influence of Mohism was even above that of Confucianism. Both Confucianism and Mohism were prominent scholars in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At that time, there was a saying that "if you don't join Confucianism, you must join Mohism". "On Mencius Teng Wengong" says: "Yang Zhu's words are all over the world, and the words of the world are not attributed to Yang, that is, to Mo." It can be seen that in the Spring and Autumn Period, Yang's learning and Mohism were neck and neck, and they belonged to prominent learning. According to legend, my ancestral home was in the Song Dynasty, and later I lived in Shandong for a long time. I studied Confucianism, but because I was dissatisfied with the complexity of etiquette, I set up a new theory and called my disciples to give lectures, which became the main opposition of Confucianism. It is said that the king of Chu originally intended to attack the Song Dynasty, but Mozi went to persuade him to surrender, and he won the simulated attack and defense with the public transport class, so the king of Chu had to retreat.
Mozi's thought and proposition take universal love as the core of social ethics, advocate "harmony but difference" and oppose the social hierarchy concept emphasized by Confucianism. It puts forward "mutual love and mutual benefit" and regards Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality and funeral as the way to govern the country. He also opposed the annexation war at that time and put forward the idea of self-destruction. It advocates non-destiny, ambition and knowing ghosts. On the one hand, it denies the destiny, while at the same time acknowledging the existence of ghosts and gods. In the early stage, Mohism put forward a cognitive method based on experience, which advocated "seeing what you hear" and "taking the facts and naming them". Based on whether the results of political practice are in line with the interests of the country and the people, it puts forward "three forms" as a method to test whether the understanding is correct. This is the earliest proposition about the standard of truth in the history of China's philosophy, which has an important influence on later generations.
Second, "fraternity" is the cornerstone of building a harmonious society.
In Mozi's books "Universal Love" and "Tianzhi", it is also an important proposition of Mozi's philosophy to repeatedly advocate "Universal Love" and "Mutual Benefit". Mozi believes that in the war era, the war between local separatist forces for territory and the disputes between people of different races have evolved into "hunger can't eat, cold can't clothe, and chaos can't be cured", which is the fundamental reason for the chaos in the world.
The root of the dispute lies in the lack of "universal love" spirit. Mozi said: "When princes don't love each other, they fight in the fields;" If laymen don't love each other, they will usurp each other's throne; People who don't love each other will be unfaithful; Father and son don't love each other, which is unfilial; If brothers don't love each other, there will be no harmony. People all over the world don't love each other. Strong is weak; If they are rich, they will despise the poor; If they are expensive, they are arrogant; If they cheat, they will cheat fools. " . It is said that the root of contradiction lies in the lack of "fraternity". Mozi believes that only when "universal love" is recognized by the public and its spirit is carried forward, the world will not be in chaos, people can coexist peacefully and create a peaceful and prosperous world.
Mozi's description of "universal love" is called "benevolence" for short, and those who believe in the concept of "universal love" are called "benevolent people", which is similar in reason to the "benevolence" advocated by Confucianism, but fundamentally different in specific details. The "love" advocated by Confucianism is based on the feudal patriarchal concept of "kissing", which is of varying degrees of importance to people who are close or distant. Mohism advocates that love has no difference or thickness. The concept of "no attack" put forward on the basis of "universal love" is an extension of the idea of "universal love" in the competition of local governments.
The idea of "universal love" is the core idea of Mohism, which contains the "universal love" between people, that is, the general public should treat others with themselves, love others with themselves and love each other. And with an idealized ideological realm, he reached the harmonious social relationship that Mozi hoped for. At present, carrying forward Mohism's thought of "universal love" is conducive to building a harmonious socialist social relationship.
The harmony between man and society is the realization of a harmonious society, and the harmony between man and nature is the ultimate goal of achieving a harmonious society. Marxism holds that man is a higher creature in nature, the relationship between man and group is different from that between animals, and the mutual influence and connection between people constitute the social relationship in a certain region. "Human development is both a social means and a social purpose; Human development is the result of society and the cause of social development. " Therefore, to achieve harmony between people, we must adhere to the people-oriented theory, and the idea of "universal love" just embodies the people-oriented concept. At present, with the rapid development of China's economy, the relationship between people is not just money and reputation. While promoting the all-round development of the relationship between economy, society and people, we should carry forward the Mohist thought of "universal love" and create the values of a harmonious socialist society.
Third, the "Shang Xian" is the foundation to realize national prosperity and national rejuvenation.
The thought of "Shang Xian" is the most practical political proposition of Mohism, that is, it advocates that the National Government should employ people in benevolence. Mozi thinks that the reason of "the country governs the country" is that there are few sages, and Mozi puts forward the measures of "cultivating the sages" and "Shang Xian". The so-called "sage" is to increase the number of virtuous people in society. The specific operation method is to select talents, use energy, and those who are useful to society "will be rich and expensive, and will be famous." So as to increase the number of sages in the country, and at the same time face the problem of how the government selects and uses these sages who are useful to society.
In the choice of sages, Mozi put forward the standard that "powerful people help others, rich people encourage others, and people who have the means advise others". This standard is the core embodiment of Mozi's "Shang Xian" thought, which runs through Mozi's whole political thought of being able to be virtuous. In talent selection, we should "listen to what they say, do what they do, observe their abilities, and be cautious about awarding officials". Every time, every country will encounter profound problems, and the proper selection of talents will play a catalytic role in the prosperity of the country, and even play a fundamental role. Mozi's thought of "Shang Xian" is not an empty idea. Under the conditions at that time, it was indeed a great move to put forward an operable system for selecting talents.
Mozi believes that by employing the political opinions of sages, the government and all the people can be rich, so as to finally realize the long-term stability of the whole country and the prosperity of the nation.
Although more than two thousand years have passed, Mozi's thoughts of "Shang Xian" and "Shang Tong" still have great vitality. In the contemporary era of building a harmonious socialist society, Mozi's "Shang Xian" theory still has important reference significance.
"Shang Xian" is the foundation to achieve national prosperity and national prosperity. Mozi's thoughts of "Shang Xian" and "Shang Tong" are of great significance to the construction of a harmonious socialist society. At present, China is following the development path of former Socialism with Chinese characteristics. At present, we should build a well-off society in an all-round way, select talents to hold important national posts, give full play to their talents, contribute to the great Chinese dream and pave the way for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
The Influence of Mohist Educational Thought 2 Abstract: Mozi was a famous civilian thinker and educator in the Warring States Period. He is keen on teaching and actively seeking knowledge. Mohist school founded by Mohist school is a group with strong organizational discipline. The students trained by Mozi are virtuous, eloquent and skilled. They are literate and skilled. Mozi and his Mohists have made great achievements in the fields of mechanical manufacturing, philosophy and natural science. Today, it seems that Mohism's educational philosophy is quite similar to the goal of cultivating technical talents with both ability and political integrity in higher vocational colleges. For the work of a class teacher, Mohism's compassion for the world, its adaptation to the educational requirements of the times and its positive attitude towards life are particularly worth learning.
Keywords: Mohist thought; Educational concept; high position
Mozi is the founder of Mohism in the pre-Qin period. His main ideas are universal love, non-aggression, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, ambition, destiny, strength and frugality. Mohism had a great influence in the pre-Qin period, once surpassing Confucianism. Mencius once commented: "Yang Zhu's words are all over the world, and the words of the world do not belong to Yang, but to Mo." ("Mencius Teng Wengong") Mozi wrote a book and set up an altar to give lectures. "There are many subordinates and abundant disciples all over the world", and a large number of outstanding disciples have been trained: there are big disciples who are proficient in offensive and defensive tactics; There is a high stone that won Mozi's appreciation because there is no room for Wei Jun to go back on his word. Having both ability and political integrity, Mozi called it a "talented person"; There are also Gao He and Xian Zishuo who were looked down upon in the countryside at first, and later learned the art of Mozi and became celebrities in the world. According to Liu An's "Huai Nan Zi Tai Jia Xun" in the Western Han Dynasty, "Mozi's 180 servants can make him go through fire and water and never return." That is to say, Mozi has 180 famous students. These students are very obedient to Mozi. They are all people who don't avoid difficulties and obstacles until they die. Mohism, as a representative of handicraft industry, pays special attention to hard training. During the Warring States period, Mohism founded a set of scientific theories, which made outstanding achievements in geometry, physics and optics. In today's words, Mohism is almost the only school in China that is close to logic, natural science, modern democratic political system and civil society. Mozi is a great thinker and educator in ancient China. His educational thoughts deserve our in-depth study and can be used as a reference for the work art of class teachers in colleges and universities.
First, compassion for the world's salvation.
Mozi lived in the Warring States period, and the ceremony collapsed and the music was bad, and there was no way in the world. He saw many unfair phenomena, such as bullying the weak with the strong, robbing the poor with the rich, and saving the world with arrogance. He put forward the idea of "universal love" with compassion for the world. Mozi criticized the social phenomenon of non-fraternity at that time: "Today, countries attack each other, families usurp each other, people are thieves, monarch and minister are disloyal, father and son are unfilial, and brothers are at odds, which also harms the world." He called on people to "love all", which means equality and fraternity. "If you love your home, you love your country." In order to realize this great ideal, Mozi called on his students to promote good and eliminate evil for the world, "benefit the people of the world", be rich and powerful, make great efforts to govern, and take the maintenance of justice and morality as their unshirkable responsibility. Mozi was chivalrous and fearless in order to save the people in from the mire. In order to stop the unjust war between princes, on the one hand, he "talked about princes in the first place and scholars in the second place, too lazy to sit warm and burn the chimney." On the other hand, he made weapons with his disciples to help weak countries. Mozi's public defeat records that Mozi wore straw sandals to the capital of Chu for ten days and ten nights, which prevented the powerful Chu State from invading the weak Song State, persuaded the king of Chu to give up the unjust war with eloquence and strong rear defense force, and saved the people of Song State from extinction. Our time also needs this feeling of compassion for the world. As the guide of students' ideological work, the head teacher has a great responsibility in guiding students to be responsible young people in the new era. The ancients said, "It's shameful that a country has no way, and it's either rich or expensive." When the country is in danger, some intellectuals either join the army or destroy their homes to alleviate their difficulties; At the beginning of the People's Republic of China, in order to build a new China, some experts resolutely gave up foreign preferential treatment and went back to China to engage in scientific research. Some people may say that compassion is a top-down attitude towards all beings, and most of us are not qualified; Some people will say that it is a peaceful time, everyone is living a well-off and prosperous life, and there is nothing to sympathize with others. Actually, it's not. The head teacher should educate the students. Peacetime has its own connotation of compassion, which is manifested in whether the country is willing to devote itself wholeheartedly when it needs us; When students encounter difficulties, whether to lend a helping hand; Whether it is generous when the disaster area needs assistance; The mountainous area needs talents. Are you willing to give up the superior conditions of the city? As a college student, are you an alarmist who cares about current events and people's livelihood, or a bookworm who only reads sage books? Even a mother who muddles along? As a class teacher in colleges and universities, we should also observe the feelings of others with compassion, always be compassionate, always be tolerant, be strict with ourselves, be lenient with others, and be lenient with others in order to educate people. The head teacher should think about the future of all students, pay attention to each student's study, life and mental health, and can't just regard teaching as a means to support the family. With a compassionate heart, we will push the wheel of educational reform history with love and dedication, keep moving forward and crush a brand-new and open educational life.
Second, it conforms to the educational standards of the times.
Mozi recruited disciples and tried to cultivate them into heroes and chivalrous men of the times. The description of the talent standard in Mozi Shangxian Lun is: "People with virtue, rich in virtue, eloquent and knowledgeable in Taoism are the treasures of the country, Kuninosuke." Mozi's basic requirements for talents are "virtue, argument and skill". "Virtue" refers to moral quality and moral behavior. China's traditional culture takes "virtue" as the standard to measure people, and requires rulers to "match heaven with virtue" and scholars to complete the shaping of "gentleman's personality" through "self-cultivation". Hundred schools of thought attached great importance to "virtue" in the pre-Qin period. In the book Mozi, the importance of "morality" has been mentioned many times. Mozi also emphasized the importance of doing. Mozi believes that "doing" means constantly doing things, asking disciples to "practice", and doing anything depends on their own efforts and has a strong motivation. As long as it is right, they should do it at once. If "doing" is based on "morality", it can only be done if it conforms to "morality", and it can't be done if it doesn't conform to morality. Mozi is very strict with his disciples. One of his disciples, Sheng Chuo, led Xiangzi Niu to attack Lu three times. This unfair behavior violated the spirit of Mohism, so Mozi sent another disciple to negotiate and asked Xiangziniu to dismiss Sheng Chuo. Mozi's self-discipline was extremely strict, and he took the lead in setting an example. Once, his disciple Gong Shang promised to get him an official position in the King of Yue, and the King of Yue promised to meet him as an official, but Mozi disagreed. His reason is that he can't ask the King of Yue for land on the grounds that he is a doer. Moreover, he thought that his idea of saving money would not be adopted by the King of Yue, and he could not betray benevolence and righteousness for the sake of high officials and generous salaries. Mozi's thought of attaching importance to virtue and example is discussed in his article "Mo Zi's Self-cultivation": "Those who are turbid are unclear, those who don't believe consume their names, and their names are not born, and their names do not grow." Only by setting an example first can a gentleman educate others, and only by honestly practicing benevolence and righteousness can others convince you. "Thick talk" is the second requirement for talents. Logical, thick and moderate speech is an important symbol of internal talent and external charm. A person who is good at oral debate must be knowledgeable, flexible and superior in quality and ability to others. In the Warring States period when Mozi lived, people began to realize the importance of eloquence. "One person's argument is better than Jiuding's treasure, and a three-inch tongue is better than a million good teachers." A person with good eloquence can not only rise to the top, but also bring peace and stability to the country. Pre-Qin paid attention to eloquence and formed a famous school with many debaters, of which Mozi was an outstanding representative. Mozi is good at talking, and every article of Mozi has a clear theme. "Mozi Shuo" sometimes quotes quotations, sometimes makes comparative analysis, sometimes asks questions, and sometimes asks questions and answers. His reasoning is clear and thorough, and his argument is easy to understand. Mozi's rich and systematic logical thought had a far-reaching influence on later reasoning prose. "Broad knowledge of Taoism" is the third criterion of Mozi's talent view. "Tao" refers to the trajectory that people or things follow; "Skills" can be understood as various skills that a reader must master. For farmers, it's "plowing and planting trees", for women farmers, it's "spinning and weaving", and for dignitaries, it's "listening to prison to govern politics". Social division of labor is different, and everyone should do his own job and serve the country. Mozi opposes rote memorization of literature and history knowledge based on "six arts", advocates applying what he has learned and pays attention to testing his understanding by practice. He said, "Although a scholar is learned, his behavior is intrinsic" (cultivation). Mozi and his disciples made their own unique research and contributions in mathematics, geometry, physics, optics, acoustics, machinery manufacturing, etc., and even the whole human society was advanced at that time. For example, there are concepts of multiples and series in mathematics. The definitions of circle, rectangle and right angle are very precise in geometry. This involves the lever principle in physics. In optics, the most noteworthy is the experimental study of pinhole imaging. Exquisite and meticulous in machinery manufacturing, very practical in military, agriculture and handicraft industry. "Virtue", "speech" and "Tao" constitute the talent specifications of Mohism for practical use. First of all, "virtue" is the foundation of people, "speech" is the medium of communication, and "Tao" is the art of keeping in good health. Compared with Mozi's educational standards, why not educate people in higher vocational colleges? Moral education, moral education and self-cultivation are the primary tasks of university education. As a class teacher, we should put students' ideological and moral education first. A graduate with bad conduct, no matter how well he learns skills, is not a qualified citizen at first, let alone serving the society. Second, students in higher vocational colleges can not be trained as tools to do things, but can only be "half-human". College students should have the ability to recognize and express external things and events, know how to communicate with others and express their feelings, and have the ability to systematically explain their views and convince others. Students' language expression ability and aesthetic ability of things have become an unavoidable topic in humanistic quality education. The class teachers in higher vocational colleges should consciously create situations to cultivate students' self-expression and self-display. Third, the students trained in higher vocational colleges ultimately fall on the training characteristics, which is the "professional quality" of higher vocational students, which is different from the practical ability of undergraduate students. Therefore, it is the fundamental mission of higher vocational colleges to provide students with a skilled means of making a living. The head teacher should urge and encourage students to learn a skill well in order to better stand on the society.
Third, a positive attitude towards life.
Mozi advocates "non-destiny" and "strength", that is, he opposes the concept of destiny and advocates actively exerting human beings' ability to transform nature and develop production. He said that "the king's orders, the words of the poor, and the words of the heartless" are harmful to the people and the country. It is believed that people's life and death, wealth, world safety and chaos control are not determined by "fate", but people can take the initiative, and people's efforts can completely achieve the goal of being rich, expensive, safe and governed. Therefore, Mozi strongly opposes the Confucian saying that "life and death have a life, and wealth is in the sky", thinking that this statement "is to decorate and call on all simple people with one life". Mohism believes that people have free will, must do something, must be responsible for their own actions, must have a little public awareness, and it is not good to only complain about their own bad life without reflecting on themselves, attribute everything to fate and put people in a completely passive attitude. Mozi opposes complaining and advocates "strong", that is, doing his best to do his job. He said that people are different from animals. Animals have feathers for clothes and fur, hooves and claws for pants, and aquatic plants for food. Males don't have to plow fields and females don't have to spin. They can only survive on their own and natural conditions. Humans are different. Social security and people's hunger are all in human resources. People should rely on their own ability to survive. Different social division of labor, farmers should go out early and return late. Peasant women should stay up late, better than spinning, and treat hemp more; Baigong should actively repair the ship and repair the car; Businessmen should be "in all directions" and not afraid of "the difficulty of closing the beam and the danger of thieves" This is their "responsibility". Every citizen should try his best to create wealth for society. Only in this way can the country be rich and strong, the people be rich and the life be happy. Mozi advocates self-reliance and opposes getting something for nothing. Mozi's non-force of nature thought is also very enlightening to students in higher vocational colleges. After the Ninth Five-Year Plan, most students were only children. They have been pampered since childhood and have never suffered or been tired. When they encounter some difficulties, they will feel afraid of them. If they fail to do something, they will blame others. They didn't learn much at school and faced unemployment crisis after graduation. 20 14 "employment report of college students in China" shows that more and more college students are unemployed after graduation, and many of them choose to "live on their laurels"; Even those who have worked for one year are less than half satisfied with their jobs. The change from "favored by heaven" to "ant tribe" has caused these people to have pessimistic thoughts abandoned by the times and society. Class teachers in colleges and universities are the "spiritual leaders" of students. They should give students more care and education, so that students can understand that each generation actually has its own fortunes. Instead of complaining about others and fighting for the title of "the most unfortunate", we should work hard and create opportunities to change our destiny. Being frustrated for a while doesn't mean being frustrated for a lifetime, but suffering some setbacks when you are young will be more helpful to your later life. The head teacher should do a good job in students' ideological work, and warn students to shoulder the responsibility of the times, not to yield to fate, to be brave in self-reliance, to push the society forward with their own tiny strength, and everyone should do their best to create more wealth for the society.
References:
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