Neo-Confucianism is the theoretical expression of social, economic and political development after the Northern Song Dynasty. The peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty destroyed the political and economic power of the powerful landlords. After a short period of war in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Northern Song Dynasty re-established a unified centralized feudal country, the feudal relations of production were adjusted to a certain extent, and the social economy was developed.
Science and technology have also made great achievements. Under this new condition, the feudal ruling class needed an ideological weapon to maintain unity, and Neo-Confucianism came into being. Neo-Confucianism is the result of the long-term development of China's ancient philosophy, especially the direct product of criticizing Buddhism and Taoism.
After the middle Tang Dynasty, some famous Confucian scholars raised the banner of criticizing Buddhism and tried to restore the authority of Confucianism in an all-round way. In The Original Road, Han Yu put forward the Confucian orthodoxy, holding that among benevolence, virtue is "empty", benevolence is "name" and virtue comes from benevolence; Practicing benevolence and righteousness is the actual content of morality.
So I put forward the orthodoxy of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou Gong and Confucius and Mencius. Li Ao put forward the theory of "renaturation", arguing that goodness is evil, and goodness can only be restored by eliminating lust. These thoughts opened a clue for the emergence of new Confucianism. After the Northern Song Dynasty, with the decline of Buddhist theory, a wide-ranging Neo-Confucianism movement was formed.
Fan Zhongyan and other political reformers tried to advocate Confucianism; Some scholars, represented by Ouyang Xiu, advocate denying Buddhism from the "essence". The so-called "Ben" is the Confucian theory of benevolence and righteousness. Hu Yuan, Sun Fu and Shi Jie, known as Mr. Song's mistress, began theoretical discussions.
Based on the Confucian Zhouyi and Chunqiu, they advocated the study of moral life and developed Han Yu's theory of orthodoxy. Hu Yuan advocated the theory of "applying the world" and regarded Confucian classics as the basis of governing the country under the sun. Sun Fu wrote "The Spring and Autumn Wang Zun Fa Wei" to demonstrate the unity of feudal countries. Shijie advocated: "Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou and Kong are the ways that can never be easily achieved." Their thoughts opened the curtain of Neo-Confucianism.
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Simple and easy-to-learn terms:
Elements of the I ching. Refers to the meaning and truth of Zhouyi. That is, the philosophical thought of Zhouyi.
"Yi" refers to the meanings and meanings of divinatory names, divinatory words and divinatory words; "Reason" refers to the principle and truth of Yi. The Book of Changes contains the contents of the Book of Changes, is the exhibition and development of the Book of Changes, and embodies the philosophical thought of the Book of Changes.
It also advocates the hierarchical concept of "the sky is higher than the earth" and the spiritual thought of "self-happiness is harmless". Some people think that the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes reflect simple dialectical thoughts, materialist epistemology and materialist view of nature, political thoughts, economic thoughts, moral and ethical thoughts and social evolution history at that time, and the meaning of the Book of Changes is complicated by later generations.
Wei explained it with metaphysics of Laozi and Zhuangzi, Song and Zhu with Neo-Confucianism, Zhang Zai with Qi Xue, Emperor Wen of Sui with Xue Xin, and so on. They all support the development of Yi Li with their own views. Many of them have deviated from the original meaning of Zhouyi. See School and Xue.
Pre-Qin refers to the principle of inclusiveness, Han and Jin refers to Confucian classics and ethics, and after Song refers to Confucian classics and ethics. In Qing dynasty, knowledge was divided into righteousness, diction and examination. Ding Yao's "Father Shu Xian Jr.": "What the world has learned is divided into meanings, texts and textual research."