(1), set up by the central government to collect, sort out and revise books.

(2), set up by the people, for personal study and research. Since the Song Dynasty, academy as an educational system has been formally formed.

===================================

During the period from the end of Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, wars were frequent, official schools declined, and many scholars lived in seclusion in the mountains, so they imitated the Buddhist meditation system to establish academies, forming a unique educational organization form in China feudal society. Academy is a higher education institution that integrates book collection, teaching and scientific research. The academy system sprouted in the Tang Dynasty, perfected in the Song Dynasty and abolished in the Qing Dynasty. It has a history of more than 1,000 years, and has had an important impact on the education and cultural development of China feudal society.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, there were more and more academies which mainly gave lectures. With the development of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty, the academy gradually became a place for school activities. There are four most famous academies in Song Dynasty: Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi, Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan, Yingtianfu Academy in Shangqiu, Henan, and Songyang Academy in Dengfeng, Henan. Most colleges raise funds to build their own schools. Teaching takes the form of self-study, joint teaching and teacher guidance, with self-study as the main method. Its characteristic is to educate and cultivate people's knowledge and virtue, not to gain fame for exams.

There were more than 1200 academies in the Ming dynasty, but there were also government-run academies. Some private colleges and universities teach freely, attacking the disadvantages of the times and becoming places for ideological public opinion and political activities. The most famous is Donglin Academy in Wuxi, Jiangsu. The ruling class of the Ming Dynasty destroyed and banned the academy four times, but the academy was tenacious and was destroyed many times. Under the harsh political oppression, college teachers and students would rather die than surrender. The couplet of Lindong College wrote: "The wind and rain sound the sound of reading, and the sound is heard; Family affairs and state affairs, everything cares. "

There were more than 2,000 academies in the Qing Dynasty, but official learning reached its peak, and most academies were no different from official learning. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), it was ordered that provincial academies be changed into university halls, state academies, provincial academies and zhili academies be changed into middle schools, and county academies be changed into primary schools. At this point, the academy withdrew from the historical stage.

Ancient Academy and Hexi Terrace

Feng

The four famous ancient academies were Yingtian Academy, Songyang Academy, Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy.

Yuelu Academy began in the late Five Dynasties and the Zhou Dynasty and was run by monks. In 976, Song Taizu Kaibao was formally established. In the late Qing dynasty, it was changed to a school and a school. 1926 was officially named Hunan University. Thousands of years later, there are string songs everywhere. Zhu, Wang Yangming and many other famous teachers have given lectures and taught here. During the period of educational system reform, a large number of famous teachers such as Tan Sitong, Liang Qichao and Chen Baozhen emerged. Zeng Guofan, Zuo, Hu Linyi and other influential figures in the history of China also studied here. Mao Zedong, a young man, has lived in Yuelu Academy for many times, engaged in revolutionary activities and sought the truth of saving the country and the people. He is known as the "Millennium University".

Nowadays, the academic system of Millennium University has changed, and the original site of the Academy has been preserved as a cultural relic. The first gate, the second gate, the lecture hall, the semi-self-study hall, the lecture hall, the Baiquan Xuan, the Yushu Building, the Xiangshui School, the Confucian Temple and other ancient buildings are interrelated and integrated, which completely shows the grand scene of the ancient academy in China. Garden buildings and human landscapes such as Love Evening Pavilion, Self-abased Pavilion, Wind Pavilion, Fragrant Blowing Pavilion and Hexi Terrace not only show their profound academy culture, but also render their leisurely literati demeanor. Among these ancient buildings, Hexi Terrace is a place worth pondering.

In terms of architectural form, Hexi stage belongs to Hunan local stage. There is a stone pier protruding from the plane, which is high and open. The front single-eave rest peak and the back three single-layer arched hard mountains are combined into one, with blue tile roof, hollow glass roof and overhanging shed, which has local characteristics. On the pillars and walls, there are couplets and sculptures of traditional Chinese opera stories such as "Laozi's going out to customs", and the most striking ones are the words "Fu" and "Shou" on the left and right inner walls.

There is a legend in these two words. As early as the Tang Dynasty, after the township examination, the county magistrate invited the successful candidates. The banquet is called The Book of Songs Xiaoya Luming Literature and Kuixing Dance, so this banquet is also called "The Road Banquet". If a candidate who has attended a banquet in Ming Road attends the banquet again after 60 years and enjoys the fun with the new candidate, it is called a banquet in Ming Road. In the 12th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1807), Luo Dian went to Minglu for a banquet, and Yuelu Academy was very lively. Noble families, dignitaries and disciples all came to congratulate him, chanting poems against each other and showing their magical powers. Everyone was having a good time when a Taoist priest with long hair and a child's face and sandals came to join in the fun. As soon as they saw that it was an unknown old road, they were frivolous and playful, asking him to write a few words to see. Seeing that this place is not a place for people to stay, the old man wanted to leave in anger, but he was held back: "Where is tenderness, come whenever you want, and leave whenever you want." At this point, instead of getting angry, the Taoist priest picked up a big broom, reached into the yellow mud, stared at the white wall of the Hexi platform and "brushed" it twice. Before everyone could react, he wrote the word "Shou" more than ten feet high and then walked away. One by one dumbfounded, speechless for a long time. Look at that word again, the pen is like a dragon, and it is full of bones and muscles. It is done by extraordinary people, so it is passed down as a fairy trace. Since then, Luodian has let people look for that fairy tale everywhere, but I don't know where it is. In order to make up for the mistake, and for the sake of symmetry, Luodian personally wrote a word "Fu" on the opposite wall, but the stroke of this word is not as good as that of Shouzi.

Since its establishment, the Hexi Terrace has formed an indissoluble bond with leisure and entertainment. In Qing dynasty, it became the most important place for students' extracurricular activities. It also often performs plays, conducts various entertainment activities and shows the peace and glory of various cultures.

From this perspective, in ancient institutions of higher learning, people's study and study life are not completely a cold window.