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A new school run by the Westernization Movement.

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Cultivation of New Talents by Westernization Movement

Secondly, the Westernization Movement promoted the modernization of China's thought.

Westernization Movement not only played an important role in the development of modern education in China, but also played an important role in the modernization of China society. Although the measures taken by Westernization School in setting up schools and sending overseas students were feudal and dependent on foreign countries, it reformed traditional education for the first time. First of all, it changed China's educational objectives, educational contents and ways of training talents, and created a precedent for modern education in China. Secondly, it is the introduction of western science and technology culture that has brought up and trained a number of foreign language, diplomatic, military and scientific and technological talents. Most of the earliest scientific, technical and managerial personnel in shipbuilding, railways, minerals, telegrams and coastal defense projects came from overseas students at that time. This led to the development and modernization of modern military industry in China and civilian industry in China.

The historical evaluation of Westernization Movement should be made from both positive and negative aspects. On the negative side, the Westernization Movement increased the power of the Qing Dynasty to suppress the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, with the ultimate goal of maintaining the feudal autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty. On the positive side, he advocated learning western scientific and technological knowledge, opposed blind xenophobia, trained and brought up talents with new thinking, and played an inductive role in the emergence and development of capitalism in China and the development of modern education in China. Therefore, we can say with certainty that the Westernization Movement opened a new page in modern education in China.

What role did Westernization School play in the development of China's modern history? Is it positive or negative?

The Westernization Movement, also known as the self-improvement movement, was a national reform movement initiated by officials of the Westernization School of the Qing government in the 1960s and 1990s. It was based on the slogan of "learning from foreigners to strengthen themselves" and the theoretical goals of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". This movement started at the end of 186 1 (the tenth year of Xianfeng) and ended at 1895, which lasted about 35 years. According to different goals, the Westernization Movement can be divided into two stages: the early stage and the late stage. After the British and French allied forces were defeated twice and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising, two camps, namely "Westernization School" and "Old School", were formed at the upper level of the Qing court, with Prince Gong Yi as the representative in the center and Li Hongzhang, Zeng Guofan, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong as the representatives at the local level. It advocates imitating the industrial technology and business model of the great powers, and adopting the mode of government-run, government-supervised business-run, and government-business joint venture to develop modern industry, so as to obtain powerful military equipment, increase the revenue of the state treasury, enhance national strength and safeguard the rule of the Qing government. Westernization Movement was the first large-scale imitation/implementation of Western-style industrialization movement in modern China, and it was a top-down reform movement on the premise of maintaining feudal imperial power. After the18th century, the Westernization Movement introduced a large number of scientific and technological achievements from the west, introduced and translated a large number of western works and documents, trained the first batch of children studying abroad, and opened the door to western learning. Drawing lessons from the modern company system, a large number of industrial and chemical enterprises have been built, which has opened the road of industrial development and modernization in China in the future. The direct result of the Westernization Movement-the annihilation of the Qing navy in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, brought the Westernization Movement to an abrupt end, dealt a heavy blow to the upper class of the Qing court, set the stage for the later Hundred Days Reform, and influenced China people born at the end of 19. After the Sino-Japanese War, the Qing court signed the treaty of shimonoseki, recognized the independence of Korea, and ceded the territorial waters of Taiwan Province Province, Penghu and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, which aggravated the ruling crisis of the Qing court. Japan's first military victory over China in the history of China profoundly aroused the national consciousness of the Japanese people and had a far-reaching impact on the culture, ideology, political trend and even the national movement of China and Japan. The Historical Role of Westernization Movement After the two Opium Wars, the western powers opened the door of China with guns, but also shattered the blind and arrogant dream of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. Especially after the Second Opium War, a group of officials such as Zeng Guofan, Zuo and Li Hongzhang wanted to learn advanced western technology as a means. Therefore, under the banner of "self-improvement", the Westernization School first established a modern military industry and trained a new navy, and then established a civilian industry under the slogan of "seeking wealth". This is the Westernization Movement. The Westernization Movement flourished throughout the country, but the failure of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War 1894- 1895 declared the failure of the Westernization Movement. Although it failed, the historical role of this movement cannot be underestimated. (a) the positive role of the Westernization Movement 1. The Westernization Movement promoted China's military modernization. The Westernization School unanimously advocated learning from foreigners in order to enrich Qiang Bing, resist foreign aggression and save the national crisis. They realize that modern industry with machine production as its core is the foundation of Qiang Bing, a rich country. After the military defeat, they took the military industry innovation as the first breakthrough point and put forward the slogan of "self-improvement". Under the auspices of Li Hongzhang and others, a large number of large-scale modern military industries came out one after another. Among the military industries founded by the Westernization School, the famous ones are Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute founded by Zeng Guofan in 186 1, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Bureau founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai in 1865, and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau founded by Zuo Yu 1866. In just a few years, China has possessed the ability of casting iron, steelmaking and machine production of various military products. The establishment of these modern military industries has transformed China from ignorant rejection of foreign artifacts into active introduction, learning and exploration, which is definitely a great progress. These military industries later played an important role. They also opened a number of military schools, such as Tianjin Beiyang Naval Academy, Weihai Naval Academy, Nanyang Naval Academy and Jiangnan Army Academy, which made important contributions to national defense. The Westernization School also established three new navies: Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian. Among them, beiyang fleet, which Li Hongzhang has been painstakingly managing, is the main force of the Qing navy. With more than 20 ships such as Dingyuan and Zhenyuan, it is a powerful modern navy. Although Beiyang Navy failed in the end, it used to be an advanced military force in China that could deter the ocean and occupied a place in the world naval history. 2. The Westernization Movement stimulated the emergence of capitalism in China. After China started modern industry, it objectively promoted the development of social productive forces and the emergence of capitalist private enterprises in China. In the later period, the Westernization School put forward the slogan of "seeking wealth" and founded some civilian industries. Among them, the famous ones are the Ship Merchants Bureau founded by Li Hongzhang and the Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong. Most of these civilian industries are managed by the government, supervised by the government, and jointly operated by the government and businessmen. They are basically capitalist enterprises based on the laws of profit, market and value, thus promoting the development of capitalism in China. Under the influence of Westernization Movement, the profits of enterprises attracted some landlords, bureaucrats and businessmen in China to invest in new industries, which was the beginning of Chinese national capitalist industry and commerce. Among these national industries, there are 1869 Changfa Machine Factory founded in Shanghai, and 1872 Jichanglong Machine Silk Factory founded by overseas Chinese businessman Chen Qiyuan (the first silk reeling factory adopting the new law in modern China, one of the earliest national capital industrial enterprises). 188 1 year, Huang founded gonghe yongsi factory in Shanghai. Although these commercial enterprises have relatively small investment and scale, poor equipment and backward technology, they are the first batch of national capitalist industries in modern China, laying the foundation for modern industries. 3. The Westernization Movement started the modernization of education, and there have always been great differences about what role the Westernization Movement played in it. But there is no doubt that the Westernization Movement is a low-level movement to learn from the West, a low-level modernization movement in modern times, and has its positive historical progress. His "new learning" accelerated the collapse of the feudal imperial examination system and laid the foundation for modern education in China. Studying abroad has trained and reserved a certain number of reserve talents for China; The publication of the translated works has promoted the wide spread of western learning in China and expanded the ideological integration of China culture. When it comes to the contribution of Westernization School to the spread of western learning, we have to mention its modern new school, which trains translators and engages in translation activities. First of all, in 1862, Shi Jing Wentong Library was established, focusing on learning foreign languages and training translators and diplomats. 1863, Li Hongzhang founded the Guangdong Pavilion in Shanghai. Recruit local teenagers into the library to learn foreign languages. Secondly, the Westernization School has also set up a number of schools specializing in training military, science and technology, manufacturing, minerals and other specialized personnel. For example, 1867 established Fuzhou Ship Administration School and Tianjin Military Equipment School. In addition, 1872, the Qing government sent the first batch of international students to study in the United States; From 65438 to 0877, the Qing government sent a group of students from Fuzhou Ship Administration School to study in Britain and France to learn naval driving and combat techniques. This is the first batch of students from China to study in Europe. The Qing government trained a group of modern talents for our country. For example, Zhan Tianyou, a famous engineer, studied in the United States. In a word, the Westernization Movement has played a positive role in promoting the modernization of education in China. Westernization movement also promoted the change of social atmosphere and people's ideas. First of all, the argument between the Westernization School and the die-hards and the criticism of the die-hards have shaken the absolute authority of adhering to the tradition of ancestral training and standardizing teachings to a certain extent. For western learning, it has created a good atmosphere. Secondly, with the establishment of newspapers and periodicals, Westernization School organized personnel to translate western scientific and technological works and sent overseas students to study abroad. The spread of western democratic ideas in China played a role in creating a generation of ethos. Third, with the development of Westernization Movement and the appearance of modern industry, the social status of businessmen and businesses has been significantly improved, and some bureaucrats and literati have begun to attach importance to industry and commerce, and some even invested in industry and commerce. Finally, with the continuous introduction of western science and other western things, people's understanding of the western world has also changed. Many enlightened bureaucrats believe that China lags behind the West, and learning from the West is an important means to develop the country and become a powerful country. In addition, in some coastal cities, people's basic necessities of life and customs have changed. (2) The negative impact of the Westernization Movement First, the Westernization School tried to use some advantages of western capitalism to maintain feudal autocracy without touching the decadent feudal system. The contradiction between this means and the foundation makes the Westernization Movement doomed to be impossible. At the same time, the Westernization Movement was obstructed and destroyed by die-hards all over the country, which increased the resistance to the development of the Westernization Movement. Second, the class limitations of the Westernization School itself determine that they are not only the founders and operators of modern industry, but also torturers and destroyers. Their feudal yamen and bureaucratic system will inevitably lead to the failure of westernization enterprises. Third, one of the purposes of the Westernization Movement was to resist foreign aggression, but in hosting diplomatic activities, the Westernization School insisted on "making peace with foreign countries" and surrendered to foreign countries. The modern enterprises they founded had the advantage of resisting foreign aggression and "foreigners with meager profits". In the Sino-Japanese War, the goals of "seeking strength" and "seeking wealth" advertised by the Westernization School failed to be realized, and the Westernization Movement basically failed. The modern industrial enterprises run by the Westernization School are based on the premise of not changing the feudal relations of production. The enterprises they run have strong external dependence, feudalism and a certain degree of monopoly. Therefore, the Westernization School had to be controlled and restrained by imperialism in industrial technology, capital and even management, in order to set up modern industrial enterprises and prepare for China's coastal defense. As a result, the imperialist control over China's politics, military affairs and economy was deepened, and the Westernization School accelerated the emergence of its own comprador. Such enterprises can not only avoid their own bankruptcy, but also seriously hinder and inhibit the development of modern national industries in China.