(1) Characteristics of Pedagogy in the Early Stage

Pedagogy, which is in its infancy, has not yet formed an independent discipline with philosophy, ethics and political science, but only shows sporadic educational thoughts and viewpoints. Its main features can be summarized as follows:

First, people's cognitive activities on education mainly stay at the level of experience and customs;

Second, most educational works appear in the form of papers, lacking scientific theoretical analysis and forming a complete system;

Thirdly, the ways of thinking and discussing pedagogy are mainly mechanical analogy, metaphor, aphorism and fable.

(2) The embryonic stage of China's educational thought.

(1) The Book of Learning

At the end of the Warring States Period, Xue Ji, the first educational document in the world, appeared in China.

② Confucius

Confucius was the greatest educator and educational thinker in ancient China, and his educational thoughts were reflected in The Analects. He attaches great importance to the education of the day after tomorrow and advocates? Don't teach in class Think that the purpose of education is to cultivate people into? Sage? And then what? Gentleman? ; He inherited the Western Zhou Dynasty? Six arts? Educational traditions and teaching plans can be summarized as? Writing is learned, meet with courtesy? The basic subjects of teaching are poetry, calligraphy, etiquette, music, Yi, Spring and Autumn; Emphasize teaching ideas and teaching methods? Learn and know? Attach importance to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. The basic method of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is heuristic. Not angry, not angry, not angry? ); Emphasize the combination of learning and thinking (? Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous? )

③ Mo Zhai.

Mo Zhai's educational thought is based on? Love? And then what? Non-attack? Give priority to, pay attention to the mastery of literature and history knowledge and the cultivation of logical thinking ability, and also pay attention to the spread of practical technology.

(3) Western educational thought in its infancy.

1) Socrates

Socrates is famous for his eloquence and the way of answering questions with young wise men. This teaching method is also called. Midwife? . This question and answer is divided into three steps: the first step is called Socrates' satire, which he thinks is a necessary step to make people smart, because unless a person is humble, he knows his ignorance? Otherwise, he can't learn real knowledge. The second step is called definition. After repeated questions and induction in question and answer, a clear definition and concept are obtained. The third step is called midwifery, which guides students to think for themselves and draw their own conclusions.

② Plato

Plato's educational thought is embodied in his masterpiece The Republic. Who is Plato? Learning in the game? The earliest advocate.

③ Aristotle

Aristotle is an encyclopedic philosopher in ancient Greece. He inherited Plato's rationality theory and thought that the pursuit of rationality is the pursuit of virtue, and virtue is the highest goal of education. Aristotle's view of education is mainly embodied in the book Political Science. Aristotle first proposed in history? Education follows nature? Noting the natural characteristics of children's psychological development, we advocate that children should be educated in stages according to the law of children's psychological development. This has also become the ideological source of emphasizing human development in education.

④ quintilian.

The earliest educational theory work in the ancient west is The Principle of Eloquence written by quintilian in ancient Rome (also known as On the Education of Speakers). In this book, quintilian summed up the learning process as? Imitate a theory and practice? Three stages.

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