Rogers put forward the learning and teaching concepts of "free learning" and "student-centered".

Generative learning

Whitlock put forward the theory of generative learning. Learning is a process in which learners actively construct internal psychological representations.

Structural teaching

Bruner's structural teaching view emphasizes the initiative of learning and the importance of cognitive structure, so Bruner advocates that the ultimate goal of teaching is to promote students' "general understanding of subject structure".

programmed instruction

Behaviorism advocates the realization of teaching objectives through procedural teaching.