The Pali classic is Buddhism. In the 3rd-6th century, Buddhism was introduced to Myanmar from India or Sri Lanka, and then to Xishuangbanna from Myanmar.
When Buddhism was introduced into China, it was called "Hundred Eight Schools", but it was not accepted by the Dai people. Later, the school that was introduced was called "the school that voted for grandchildren" and was accepted by the masses.
Become a popular school. Because the negativity, patience, reconciliation, samsara and karma advocated by Buddhism are conducive to maintaining the rule of Dai feudal lords,
Praised, supported and popularized by the rulers, it became the religion of Dai and Bulang.
Southern Buddhism's basic thoughts and teachings are four associations and five meanings, twelve karma, three dharma seals, samsara and karma. Its classic name is Sanzang:
One is "Jing Zang", and the Dai language "Su Dian is greater than Da Ga";
Second, the Tibet Law, and the Dai language "Venibia Daga";
Third, "On Tibet", Dai language "Apitan Mabhidaga". There are also many Tibetan scriptures. Buddhism spread to the south requires monks and believers to strictly abide by the Ten Commandments:
No killing, no stealing, no lewdness, no lying (no holding grudges), no drinking, no eating after noon, no listening to songs and dances, no wearing flowers, no wearing perfume,
Don't sit up and hoard gold and silver.
Buddhist buildings in Xishuangbanna are mainly Buddhist temples, Busatang (Tang Jie) and pagodas, especially Buddhist temples and pagodas.
Budai and Bulang villages, many of which are famous at home and abroad, have become a major landscape in Xishuangbanna.
There are many Buddhist activities and festivals spread to the south, mainly as follows:
1. The Buddha washing festival in June of the Dai calendar is the Dai New Year, and foreigners call it the Water Splashing Festival.
2. "Mwasa" (September of Dai calendar 15) and "Wowasa" (February of Dai calendar 65438+ 15),
Namely "closing day" and "opening day". Three months is a net fasting period.
3, that is, giving. It is a donation activity of believers to monks. There are many festivals, at least seven times a year.
"Milligan", that is, taboo day, is in February of Dai calendar.
5, "broadcast pa", that is, promote monks.
6. "Trace Pawa" means offering sacrifices to Foshan.
7. May of Dai calendar 15 "Songsangka" is a gathering day for monks.
8, "broadcast Dong", that is, vertical flagpole.
9, "machine light Luo", that is, burning white wood, congratulations to Pa Zhao.
Every Dai and Bulang man has to become a monk in the temple for a period of time before getting married.
The right and obligation to get married, otherwise, be looked down upon. Becoming a monk varies in length, and some are lifelong monks.
The origin of Buddhism in Tibet
Buddhism originated in ancient India (Tianzhu), and it is said that it was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the eldest son of King suddhodana, in the 6th century BC, and lived in the northern part of Tianzhu (now Nepal). It has a history of more than 2500 years. Legend has it that Siddhartha was born in 565 BC and died in 485 AD, and lived for about 80 years, roughly at the same time as Confucius in China. Because he is Sakyamuni, his disciples later called him Sakyamuni, which means Sakyamuni's saint.
Buddhism was born under the historical conditions of slavery and extreme social unrest in ancient India. At that time, India's social productive forces had developed to the widespread use of iron, the level of agricultural production had been improved, handicrafts and commerce had also developed, and a number of small towns and cities (Kapilowei was a small state at that time) emerged, often invading and colliding with each other. Politically, Aryans entered the Indus Valley from Central Asia, conquered indigenous peoples and established a barbaric caste system. The caste system divides people into four classes, with monks (called Brahmins) who master the sacrificial culture and education as the highest social class and slaves (called sudra) as the lowest social class. Sudra, a non-Aryan, was subjected to extremely cruel class oppression and national oppression, and was arbitrarily expelled or even mutilated by her mother-in-law Roma. This unequal caste system is not only stipulated in law, but also sacred and unshakable in Brahmanism, which was dominant at that time. At that time, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were mainly reflected in the caste system, which formed a sharp and complicated struggle, leading to social unrest, production decline, and people's lives were in dire straits, unable to have enough food and clothing and stability. Pain, depression, despair and decadence were common social emotions at that time.
This social sentiment also infected Siddhartha, the prince of a small country. His thoughts became more and more depressed, resulting in negative and world-weary thoughts. He didn't want to inherit these five people, so he went out to find a way. At first, he also wanted to find a way to relieve the pain of Brahmanism, but in the end he didn't like it, so he gave up Brahmanism and sat in the forest. After years of hard thinking, one day he sat on a Biluoluo tree (later called Bodhi Tree). Bodhi means "enlightenment". ) finally realized the way out of suffering and declared himself a Buddha. Later, he went to all parts of the Middle Tianzhu to conduct missionary activities, formed a group of monks, and gradually formed Buddhism. By the time of his death, Buddhism had had a certain impact on society.
Buddhist doctrine is a very large and complex ideal system. Later, due to the continuous spread, it developed into many different schools, and the doctrine became more chaotic.
"Four truths" is one of the basic teachings of Buddhism. It is said to be the content of Sakyamuni's original sermon. The four truths are bitter truths, gathering truths, destroying truths and Tao truths. "Truth" is the truth, and the four truths are the four truths of Buddhism. The so-called "bitter truth" means that everything in the world is bitter, and life will encounter birth, old age, illness and death ... sixteen pains (or eight pains), and it is no fun to guide people to hate the world. The so-called "concentration" refers to the cause of life and its suffering in the world ("concentration" means "cause"). Looking for Buddhists, I found two reasons: one is "doing things", which is the positive cause of suffering; One is "confusion (annoyance)", which is the contributing factor of pain. Karma and confusion bear countless bitter fruits. When karma and confusion are cut off, the bitter fruit will naturally be cut off, and the state of "silence is joy" can be achieved, which is the so-called "destroying the truth". To achieve this ideal state, it is necessary to cultivate Buddhism, which is the truth of Tao. The "Tao" in Buddhism is the way of nirvana. The so-called "nirvana" is translated as extinction, extinction, silence, death, inaction, joy, liberation and so on. And it is actually a pseudonym of death (there are as many as sixty or seventy such aliases). Buddhist practice, with Nirvana as the ultimate goal, is actually to guide people to die. Among the four truths, suffering and extinction are particularly important. Life is the hardest and nirvana is the happiest. This is the basic idea of Buddhism. This is the most fragile and cowardly idea. Not daring to touch the problems in real life will only paralyze the people's will to fight against negative world-weariness and the pursuit of death. The bitter truth regards birth, illness, death and illness as the greatest suffering in life, and thinks that no one can escape these sufferings, such as the poor and the rich, which cleverly covers up class contradictions and ignores that class exploitation and class oppression are the root causes of the suffering of the oppressed people. This kind of preaching is certainly beneficial to the exploiting classes. It is true that the exploiting classes will also encounter problems such as birth, aging, illness and death, but they consider such problems from the greedy nature of the exploiting classes, that is, how to live long, how to maintain a rich position in the afterlife and so on. This kind of preaching not only caters to the greedy psychology of the exploiting classes, but also puts forward solutions to their problems. As long as the exploiting classes give some property to the temple while enjoying it, they will get great blessings. "Ten pagoda temples, a thousand times; Shaman alms are rewarded a hundred times. " That's how Buddhism sells tickets to the exploiting classes at a low price.
Buddhism put forward the theory of "twelve causes" when further analyzing the causes of suffering. It is believed that the existence of various phenomena in the world depends on certain conditions, and there is no existence without conditions. The origin and process of human life also depend on conditions, which is the twelve causes. Ignorance ("ignorance") leads to will ("action"), will leads to the "knowledge" of spiritual unity, and knowledge leads to the spirit and body of the body ("name and color"). With the name and color, six sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and heart are formed, which leads to contact with the outside world. So in the final analysis, the pain of life is caused by ignorance, and only by eliminating ignorance can we get relief. Buddhist classics also interpret the theory of twelve causes as the theory of three causes. That is: ignorance and behavior are the causes of the past, and the results of the present are felt; Knowledge, name, color, six places, touch and acceptance are the fruits of the present; Love, taking and being are the causes of the present and the fruits of the future; Life and death are the fruits of the future. Propagandizing people's social status and experiences is the result of their "good karma" or "bad karma" in their previous lives, which has long been doomed and cannot be changed. This provides a basis for the exploiting class to brutally exploit the working people and enjoy it shamelessly, and explains the suffering brought by the exploitation system to the working people as a reasonable thing. This kind of preaching plays a reactionary role, covering up the evils of the exploiting classes and making the working people obey orders. Buddhism also put forward the preaching of "reincarnation" according to "karma". The original meaning of "reincarnation" is "cycle". Buddhism follows Brahmanism, claiming that all living things will live and die together forever in the so-called "six paths", just like the wheels keep spinning. According to Buddhist classics, the so-called "Six Paths" refer to heaven, man, Asura (an evil spirit), hell, hungry ghosts and wild animals. If a person does good deeds (refers to believing in Buddhism, etc. ), he can ascend to heaven after death. If people do bad things (that is, don't believe in Buddhism, are uneasy about their own destiny, infringe on the interests of others, etc. ), they will become animals, hungry ghosts, or fall into hell after death. This kind of preaching has actually become a means used by the reactionary ruling class to intimidate the working people and enslave them mentally.
In the hundred years after Sakyamuni's death, Buddhism was divided: one school was called "Shangtai", which was mainly composed of some elders; The other faction is called the "Mass Department", which has a large number of monks. Around the first century BC, some tribes in the mass department formed Mahayana Buddhism, and the non-Mahayana Buddhism Sect was called Mahayana Buddhism. Mahayana claims that this sect is "universal", saying that Mahayana only cares about the self-cultivation of Tao, and it is "arhat" to get the Tao, regardless of others, which is very undesirable. They call Lohan "self-defeating", which is a bit contemptuous. Mahayana claims that he would rather go to hell to cross over than free himself first. Only in this way can we win people's sympathy and respect, so Mahayana is more deceptive than Hinayana.
In Mahayana Buddhism, there are two different factions: "Kongzong" and "Youzong". Kongzong (also called "Guanzhong religion") is a sect founded by Dragon Tree and Tibo in the 3rd century. The theory of "everything is empty" advocated by Kongzong is suspected of denying the Buddha himself, so it is opposed by other Buddhists. "Youzong" was established after the afterlife. There is a sect, also called "Yoga Sect", which is aimed at empty sects. People believe that not everything is empty, but the Buddha is still real and there. There is a school that advocates the doctrine that "all laws are only knowledge", that all objective things are the manifestation of Buddha's nature, and that they will eventually return to Buddha's nature, and advocate idealistic subjective consciousness theory.
Legend has it that Dragon Tree is the founder of Mahayana Buddhism. He not only founded Mahayana Kongzong, but also combined some Buddhist teachings with some Brahmanism teachings and rituals to establish Tantric Sect (or Tantric Sect). Later, sects other than tantric sects were called "Xianzong" (or "Xianjiao"). The so-called tantra, first, advocates secret missionary; It is mysterious to teach directly from one person to another; One is to engage in witchcraft and cumbersome religious ceremonies to deceive the world. Tantric sects are more polluted than other sects. After the Tantric Sect appeared, it was in a desperate situation.
During the Peacock Dynasty (about 324- 185 BC), Buddhism was designated as the state religion of India. At that time, India had developed maritime traffic and active foreign relations. The country even launched Buddhist missionaries to go abroad to expand its political influence, and Buddhism gradually spread to other Asian countries. South from India to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries, north through the Pamirs, after BC to China, and then from China to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries. Hinayana Buddhism dominated in the south and Mahayana Buddhism dominated in the north. Since then, Buddhism has gradually developed into a worldwide religion. After Buddhism was introduced into various countries and regions, it was combined with local ideology and religion to form different schools, which were quite active in some countries and regions. But in India, Buddhism was gradually melted by Hinduism after the Middle Ages, and declined in the13rd century.
Buddhism in Tibet was introduced from Chinese mainland, India and Nepal in the 7th century. Mahayana Buddhism was mainly introduced from Chinese mainland, and Tantric Buddhism was mainly introduced from Indian and Nepalese. After Buddhism was introduced into Tibet, it was once banned by Bonism. Buddhism struggled with Bonism for a long time and finally defeated Bonism. At the same time, they also integrated some teachings, gods and rituals of Bonism, forming their own strong local characteristics. This kind of Tibetan Buddhism with local characteristics was later commonly known as "Lamaism" by outsiders.
2 the history of Buddhism
The prejudice about eternal truth in the Upanishads of Hinduism partly reflects the troubles the world encountered in that era before the rise of the empire. A hybrid India is taking shape, which includes building larger countries and expanding the scale of war with them. Heroic knights and aristocratic privileged times succumbed to power politics, and many people seek comfort or escape from the harsh reality by exploring the afterlife, including means to get rid of the pain of daily life. The founders of Buddhism and Jainism, probably figures in the 6th century BC, began to explore this way and opposed the increasingly stylized Hinduism and the rule of Brahman caste. Both religions strongly advocate independence and approaching truth through meditation and self-denial, without resorting to priests or rituals.
Reason. Both of them believe that everyone is equal and reject caste differences and the hierarchy they represent. However, Buddhism and Jainism evolved from Hinduism, and they still believe in Hindu Buddhism, karma, reincarnation, liberation (nirvana, or combination with God), dedication and non-violence or respect for life. They all rejected the folk images of Hindu gods, but reiterated the basic monotheism of Hinduism and its impersonal worship of the creator and the chain of life.