In the party program adopted by the party, there is such a provision that "the proletariat army is used to overthrow the bourgeoisie." This shows that from the first day of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC), it was proposed to build an army and use it to seize power. But how to build an army at that time? The whole party has not yet set a clear goal. Because when China * * just founded the Party, there were only more than 50 people in party member, and only 13 representatives were present at the first Party Congress. They are all unarmed intellectuals, and they want to build an army without guns, funds and territory. But at that time, the goal of building the army in the future was put forward, which was already a very valuable ideological basis.
Oil painting "On the Eve of Strike", which depicts
Chen Yun organized a strike in Shanghai during the early workers' movement of the Communist Party of China (Chen Jian/photo)
192 1 In autumn, Chen Duxiu returned to Shanghai from Guangdong and served as the earliest secretary of the Supreme Party Committee in China. At that time, the representative of the Comintern asked him: "How do you consider armed struggle?" Chen Duxiu said: "It is best to occupy Sichuan first. Sichuan is rich in products. Advance can attack, retreat can defend. In the future, we will take Sichuan as the base and win the victory of the China revolution. " Although this idea was unrealistic, it was also a valuable attempt when the party's * * * had the idea of building the army.
1923 In February, after the failure of the "February 27" strike, the whole party in the country unified their understanding. The next step should be to seize the armed struggle, but there was no territory and no power at that time. How do we build an army?
From 1924 to 65438+ 10, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was realized. At that time, Sun Yat-sen, a member of the Kuomintang, opposed imperialism and the northern warlords. Therefore, he proposed "United with Russia for mutual accommodation", allowing China to develop its strength within the Kuomintang and allowing * * * to participate in the Whampoa Military Academy. This provides favorable conditions for * * * people to build the army.
The gate of the Army Military Academy on Huangpu Island east of Guangzhou,
Now it has been opened as a memorial hall (data map)
1June, 924, Huangpu Military Academy officially opened. In the first phase of the 600 students, in fact, there are more than 80 * * * members, and six months after the start of Huangpu Military Academy, an important * * * who just returned from studying in Western Europe came to the military academy and served as the director of the political department, that is Zhou Enlai.
Zhou Enlai can be said to be the earliest founder of China's army. After he arrived at Whampoa Military Academy, he began a brand-new revolutionary political work. The old China army did not talk about political work, and the old soldiers had a mantra: "I am a soldier and don't ask about politics". Why? Because of the old warlord army, you were asked to be a rigid machine. It is the first duty of soldiers to obey orders. Do whatever the chief says, don't ask why, just grow a wooden head.
The new people's army must first have political goals. Therefore, Zhou Enlai initiated the earliest political work of China's army in Huangpu Military Academy. First, he taught students in the military academy who we were soldiers for, who we were fighting for and why we were fighting. The goal at that time was to overthrow the rule of the Northern Warlords and expel the imperialist forces in China. Another important thing is to help the peasants and workers, help them relieve their suffering and help the peasant movement. It was on the issue of helping the peasants and workers that sharp contradictions emerged between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, which also led to the final division.
Photo of Zhou Enlai, then director of the Political Department of Huangpu Military Academy (data map)
China * * * people began to form their own army after graduating from Huangpu Phase I.. Because at that time, Zhou Enlai thought that Chiang Kai-shek had built an army, and other warlords in Guangdong were armed by factions, so people of * * * should also build their own army. So, he transferred Huangpu students from Huangpu Military Academy, and at the same time adopted the method of recruiting. At that time, very little money was needed to build an armored motorcade belonging to Marshal Sun Yat-sen's mansion, with a total of only 120 people, but it was 65438+. This armored motorcade, in fact, has no armored vehicles, and it's all infantry weapons. What was the first thing after its establishment? It was following Peng Pai, who was known as the "King of Peasants in Guangdong" at that time, to carry out the peasant movement, protect peasants by arms, reduce rents and interest rates, set up peasant associations, and put forward various struggles against the oppression of landlords.
On this basis, 1925, 1 1 month, based on armored motorcades, set up a regiment in Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, namely the Independent Regiment of the Fourth Army, headed by Ye Ting who returned from studying in the Soviet Union. Ye Ting Independent Regiment later became the originator of the people's army led by * * *.
Mao Zedong also held an important position in the Kuomintang during the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party (data map)
/kloc-in the summer of 0/926, the Northern Expedition began. At that time, in order to unify China, the Kuomintang mobilized all its forces and attacked from Guangdong to the north. Due to the corruption and incompetence of the northern warlords, the workers' and peasants' movement led by * * * was vigorous and helped the Northern Expeditionary Army to attack the north. So, within half a year, the Northern Expeditionary Army swept the whole southern China.
However, in the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek greatly expanded the strength of his new warlord on the basis of his original Huangpu Army, the First Army. The Northern Expeditionary Army mainly recruited the forces of the surrendered northern warlords, which made the Northern Expeditionary Army grow from eight at the beginning to more than forty six months later, so the nature of the Northern Expeditionary Army also changed greatly. In essence, it is still armed by old warlords, and reactionary officers are in power within the army. It changed the flag of the national revolution, and the soldiers were still workers, peasants and soldiers. The old management system and the relationship between officers and soldiers have not changed.
During the Northern Expedition, * * * also developed its own armed forces. Ye Ting Independent Regiment is divided into six, why is it called one divided into six? One regiment was expanded into two divisions, but the two divisions lacked one regiment, and just five regiments, together with left-behind personnel and wounded soldiers, returned to the army to form the Wuchang National Government Guard Corps. The designations of these two divisions are the 24th Division and 25th Division, plus the Sun Yat-sen Guard Corps. These six regiments became the most important forces in China during the Northern Expedition, and later they carried out the Nanchang Uprising and the Autumn Harvest Uprising. These six regiments were the backbone.
Of course, at that time, China people did not vigorously develop the army, mainly because they did not realize the extreme importance of building the army by thinking. At that time, the Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China had such a slogan: "Chiang Kai-shek has an army and we have the masses. He can't jump out of the palm of his hand. "
1925 Image of the National Revolutionary Army established in Guangzhou (data map)
During the Northern Expedition, China also organized a large number of workers and peasants armed forces. For example, during the peasant movement in Hunan, more than 65438+ ten thousand peasant self-guards were organized, but how many guns did these 65438+ ten thousand people have, less than 4000 guns, and they were scattered in dozens of counties. What weapons were left for the farmers? A spear is a red tassel gun. So there is neither strict organization nor many weapons. When the Kuomintang regular army attacked, the 65,438+10,000 peasant army basically dispersed after hitting more than a dozen. For example, during the Northern Expedition, there were many pickets organized by China * * *, with nearly 10,000 people in Wu Hanyou and thousands in Changsha and Guangzhou. However, at that time, the workers' picket was only equivalent to the militia. They go to work during the day and go home at night. Their guns are tattered and few in number, and they cannot form effective fighting capacity.
Professor Yan Xu of National Defense University
During the Northern Expedition, China * * * launched a vigorous movement of workers and peasants, and there was a sharp contradiction with the Kuomintang Rightists.
For example, by launching the workers and peasants movement and demanding higher wages and better working conditions, you must have offended the bureaucratic comprador, and many people in the Kuomintang are precisely the representatives of the bureaucratic comprador. In addition, a very important reason for the split between Kuomintang and Communist Party is that * * * launched the peasant movement. What was the main purpose of the peasant movement in southern provinces centered on Hunan at that time? Get rid of the landlord's exploitation and oppression, demand rent reduction, and some farmers even propose to divide the land, put a high hat on the local tyrants and evil gentry who oppressed them in the past and confiscate their property. All of a sudden, most Kuomintang officers stood on the anti-communist side, because there was a basic law in old China, and officers were equal to landlords. Why do you say that?
As soon as the peasant movement was launched, most people in the Kuomintang army immediately strongly demanded anti-communism. It was on this basis that in March of 1927, the National Revolutionary Army invaded and occupied Shanghai and Nanjing, and Chiang Kai-shek returned to his hometown-Jiangsu and Zhejiang, with the support of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang consortium. In the past, the Northern Expedition needed the assistance of the Soviet Union, and the workers and peasants movement needed to be launched to support it. At this time, he doesn't need it. With the strength of the Jiangsu-Zhejiang consortium, as soon as he arrived in Shanghai, the Jiangsu-Zhejiang consortium immediately gave him six million military expenses, but only if the workers and peasants' movement was suppressed.
1927, 12 In April, Chiang Kai-shek, together with Guangxi warlords, launched a counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai and Nanjing, wantonly killing * * *, destroying local trade unions, banning local farmers' associations, and carrying out bloody massacres on * * * people, even including the Kuomintang leftists.
Soon after, in July of 15, the Wuhan National Government officially broke away from * * * and began to suppress the workers and peasants movement. In this case, * * * people want to survive only by armed struggle, so Nanchang Uprising, Autumn Harvest Uprising and Guangzhou Uprising followed one after another, taking the road of launching armed riots and finally seizing power by armed forces.