In the Spring and Autumn Period, "culture went to the countryside", which is what we now call "primary school", was classified as enlightenment education in ancient times, also called "enlightenment education", and the educational institutions undertaking enlightenment education were generally private schools. Private schools appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, the society was in turmoil, official schools declined, and some cultural officials went to the lower levels with cultural classics and ritual vessels. This was the beginning of private schools. However, in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the government also began to attach importance to enlightenment education and set up "social studies" in various towns and villages.
In the Yuan Dynasty, * * * stipulated that 50 schools should be a co-operative, and each co-operative should have a school, so that children could enter school during the slack season. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, * * * followed this system and established social studies in various places, with a considerable number. According to statistics, during the Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty, the number of primary schools in Nanjing alone reached 29 19.
In addition to social studies, there are voluntary schools, rural schools, ethnic schools, classrooms and other places of enlightenment education. Some of them are government-run and some are private, and they are generally funded by local officials or squires. The students are all poor children and don't need tuition. Village studies and clan studies are organized by a village or a big family; Sitting in the library and teaching the library are all rich people who invite teachers to school for their children or their relatives and friends. In A Dream of Red Mansions, the school attended by Jia Baoyu and Xue Pan belongs to the nature of sitting in a museum.
The punishment system of family members sitting together in the Ming Dynasty stipulated the admission age of social studies: "folk children under the age of fifteen." In other words, children under 15 can participate, and there is no need to take exams when entering school, and there is no limit on the number of students enrolled. Anyone who is willing to study can come to participate. However, in some areas, compulsory measures have been taken for children to go to school. For example, it is stipulated that "folk children will be punished if they don't enter Jinshi at the age of eight."
In addition to the etiquette of "opening the pen and breaking the veil" when they first entered school, ancient students often held other etiquette after going to school. When students enter school, if they enter an official primary school, an entrance ceremony will be held. In Dacheng Hall, there is a painting of the entrance ceremony of students in Qing Dynasty. After formal schooling, there are ceremonies to worship saints every once in a while.
If students behave well, they will also be rewarded. Shen Li in the Ming Dynasty advocated that all students who are diligent, disciplined and have income should be given a piece of paper for free, and this kind of responsibility can be offset once. Moreover, if students study hard, abide by the rules and record them in the notebook, they can accumulate 1 point, and when they accumulate to 10 point, they will tell the host and reward them with paper and pencil.
If the students don't obey, Mr Wang Can will hit them with a ruler. In the Ming Dynasty, an educator named Huang Zuo put forward: "If you are absent from class without reason, you will be fined to recite 200 books at a time;" Add tarts for the second time and punish ten pieces of paper; Three times, he was punished as before, and his father and brother were still punished. "Teachers can not only' beat' students, but even punish their families.
There are many holiday modes in ancient primary education, and they also pay attention to the combination of work and rest, so there will be holidays, but there were no winter and summer vacations at that time, and there were not so many holidays today. For example, primary schools in the Ming Dynasty had only one holiday every month. In the Qing Dynasty, each school had different school hours and holiday regulations according to its own requirements. For example, the volunteer school run by Tang Jian in the Qing Dynasty stipulated that students should arrive at school from 5: 00 to 7: 00 every day and go home at 17- 19:00. School starts on the fifteenth day of the first month every year, and there is no holiday until the tenth day of the twelfth month. The holiday time is only at the end of each year, less than one month. However, some schools stipulate that students should enter school from 7: 00 to 9: 00 every day and go home from 15 to 17. In addition, they have three days off every month and can't leave school without authorization. In addition, the school stipulates that we should do it at sunrise every day, rest at sunset and have lunch at 1 1 at 9: 00. Every year, there is a day off in July and October in Tomb-Sweeping Day, and there is no holiday at ordinary times.
In other words, some ancient primary schools usually have holidays, and some focus on one-time holidays at the end of the year. Unless there is an emergency, you can only ask for leave, otherwise it will be regarded as truancy.