In the history of China, Kaifeng was once called the Girder, the Capital of Song Dynasty, Tokyo, Bianjing and so on.
This city has been built for more than 2700 years.
During the Warring States Period, Wei, the Five Dynasties, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty all established their capitals in Kaifeng, so it was called "the city of the Seven Dynasties".
Kaifeng, together with Xi, Luoyang, Beijing, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Anyang in China, is known as the seven ancient capitals, enjoying a high reputation at home and abroad.
Kaifeng is an important tourist city and an open city in the Central Plains with its superior geographical location, mild climate, rich products, convenient transportation, developed culture and education, scientific and technological progress and economic prosperity.
geographical position
Kaifeng is bounded by11351'51÷—15' 42 ÷ N 34 165448.
Located in the east of central Henan Province, it is the tip of the alluvial fan plain of the Yellow River.
Shangqiu in the east, Zhengzhou, the provincial capital in the west, Xuchang and Zhoukou in the south, the Yellow River in the north and Zhongyuan Oilfield across the river.
The total area is 6444 square kilometers, including 362 square kilometers in the urban area.
It is about 92km wide from north to south and126km long from east to west.
It is 500 kilometers east of Lianyungang, the port city at the eastern end of the Eurasian Continental Bridge, and 72 kilometers west of Zhengzhou, the provincial capital. On the map of China, it is located in the center of East Henan Plain.
The origin of Kaifeng
Kaifeng is a famous cultural city with a long history.
Kaifeng, located in the hinterland of the Central Plains and on the bank of the Yellow River, is one of the main birthplaces of the Chinese nation with a history of more than 2,700 years.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Zhuanggong built a granary city here, named it "Kaifeng", which means "expanding territory". Later, Liu Qizhi, the Emperor Gaozu, was taboo and renamed Kaifeng.
Wei in the Warring States Period, the Five Dynasties Period, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty and the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty all established their capitals here, and they are known as the "Seven Dynasties Metropolis".
Especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, from the mutiny in Chen Qiao to the partial peace in the Southern Song Dynasty, it was the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country at that time, and it was also an international metropolis, with the reputation of "Five Phoenix Pagodas in the Ming Dynasty, the imperial state changed doors since ancient times" and "Bianjing is rich in the world".
The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan, a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Dream of China in Tokyo by Meng Yuanlao vividly depict the bustling scene of Kaifeng, an ancient capital.
During this period, a large number of influential historical figures emerged in Kaifeng, such as Bao Gong, Yang Jiajiang, Yue Fei, a national hero, and Wang Anshi, who was determined to reform, which had a great influence on the development of China's history.
Kaifeng was renamed from Kaifeng.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many governors, and all countries competed for supremacy.
At that time, the area around Gucheng Village was the northeast border of Zheng State.
The fledgling "bully" Zheng Zhuanggong ordered the general Zheng Tai to station troops here to build a city in the name of "Kaifeng House" for strategic needs.
When Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he changed the word "Kai" to "Kai" because he avoided Emperor Liu Qi, and Kaifeng was renamed Kaifeng.
administrative division
As of June 65438+February 3, 20051day, Kaifeng City had five municipal districts and five counties under its jurisdiction. There are 24 streets, 34 towns and 55 townships in the city.
Kaifeng has a total area of 6,247 square kilometers and a population of 4.8 million (2005).
Gulou District covers an area of 58.68 square kilometers and has a population of 16 13000.
The postal code is 475000.
Longting District has an area of 9 1.5 1 km2 and a population of1.6 million.
The postal code is 475 100.
Shunhe * * * area covers an area of 86.73 square kilometers and has a population of 24. 1 10000.
The postal code is 475000.
Yuwangtai District covers an area of 57.05 square kilometers with a population of148,300.
The postal code is 475003.
Jinming District covers an area of 252.38 square kilometers with a population of182,000.
The postal code is 475002.
Qixian county has an area of 1258 km2 and a population of1050,000.
The postal code is 475200.
County people * * * in Chengguan Town.
Tongxu County covers an area of 767 square kilometers and has a population of 600,000.
The postal code is 475400.
County people * * * in Chengguan Town.
Weishi County covers an area of 1.257 square kilometers and has a population of 870,000.
The postal code is 475500.
County people * * * in Chengguan Town.
Kaifeng county covers an area of 1302 square kilometers and has a population of 670,000.
The postal code is 475 100.
County people * * * in Chengguan Town.
Lankao county covers an area of 1 1 16 square kilometers and has a population of 760,000.
The postal code is 475300.
County people * * * in Chengguan Town.
The development of history
Kaifeng has a long history. According to archaeological excavations, ancestors lived here as early as the Neolithic Age.
The city can be traced back to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which has been more than 2,700 years.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, in order to expand to the Central Plains, Duke Zheng built a city near the ancient city of Zhuxian Town, south of Kaifeng, named Kaifeng, which means "opening and sealing the border".
Today's Kaifeng City was an instrument city in the Spring and Autumn Period and a girder in the Warring States Period. Today, Kaifeng city evolved from the land of girders and the name of Kaifeng.
Kaifeng is known as the Seven Dynasties.
During the Warring States period, Wei, Jin, Han, Zhou, Northern Song and Jin all established their capitals here.
Especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Nine Emperors experienced 168 years, and their prosperity reached its peak, with beautiful scenery, a large population, a magnificent city, developed economy and a population of over one million. It was not only the political, economic and cultural center of the country, but also one of the most prosperous metropolises in the world at that time.
The history books used to describe the grand occasion of Tokyo's foreign relations in the Northern Song Dynasty as "eight wastes contend, and all countries share the same wisdom".
Kaifeng has been ruled by the Central Plains since the Yuan Dynasty.
During the Republic of China, it was the capital of Henan.
1June, 948, the people of China conquered Kaifeng for the first time. Due to strategic needs, they evacuated immediately.
In the same year1October 24th 10 Kaifeng was liberated again.
Since then, this historical and cultural city has returned to the embrace of the people.
From 1954 to 10, the capital of Henan Province was moved from Kaifeng to Zhengzhou, and Kaifeng was changed into a provincial city.
Kaifeng climate
Kaifeng has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, abundant sunshine, mild climate and moderate rainfall.
The annual average temperature is 14℃, the annual average rainfall is 670 mm, and the forest coverage rate is higher than the national average.
natural resource
Kaifeng has a total land area of 628,240.26 hectares, of which 434,732,438+04 hectares are cultivated land, accounting for 69.20% of the total land area. Garden area10,456.84 hectares, accounting for1.66%; The forestland area is 24,026.26 hectares, accounting for 3.82%; Residential areas and industrial and mining land are 83,750.85 hectares, accounting for13.33%; Traffic land 17822.06 hectares, accounting for 2.84%; The water area is 46,964.21hectare, accounting for 7.48%; Unused land10,487.90 hectares, accounting for 1.67%.
The underground resources in Kaifeng area have been proved to be oil and natural gas. It is estimated that the total output of oil is 560 million tons and the natural gas reserves are 48.5 billion cubic meters, which have been exploited in large quantities.
Coal resources are deeply buried, and the predicted reliable reserves are 7.79 billion tons.
In addition, there are abundant limestone, rock salt, gypsum and other mineral deposits underground.
Water resources The water resources in Kaifeng mainly include surface water and shallow groundwater, with the total resources averaging 835 million cubic meters for many years (excluding transit water).
Among them, surface water is 35 1 10,000 cubic meters, accounting for 42% of the total resources, and groundwater is 484 million cubic meters (allowable exploitation), accounting for 58% of the total resources.
Geological landform
Kaifeng city is located in the eastern Henan plain, the south wing of alluvial fans in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
69 meters to 78 meters above sea level.
Here, the terrain is flat, the soil layer is deep, the soil quality is good and the structure is stable, which is conducive to the planting of various crops and cash crops, and the forest coverage rate is higher than the national average.
Kaifeng belongs to the alluvial plain of the Yellow River and is a brand-new Quaternary stratum. Its formation is due to the yellow river alluvial material, loose texture. The vertical distribution of strata is as follows:
A, light brown silty sand, with a thickness of about 4.2m and foundation bearing capacity of110kpa;
B, light brown clay, with a depth of about 2.5m and foundation bearing capacity of130kpa; ;
C, light brown silty fine sand, with average layer thickness of about 1.5m and allowable bearing capacity of foundation of100 kpa; ;
D, light yellow sandy soil, the layer thickness is about 10m, and the foundation bearing capacity is 100KPa.
traffic
Kaifeng is located in the Central Plains with convenient transportation. The Longhai Railway connecting the Eurasian Continental Bridge passes through the city. Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and Beijing-Kowloon Railway are adjacent. The 106 national highway from Beijing to Guangzhou and the 3 10 national highway from Tianshui to Lianyungang meet here. The opening (sealing) of Luo (Luo) and Shang (Qiu) expressways has become a golden passage through Henan.
Kaifeng is 580 kilometers north of Beijing and 530 kilometers east of Lianyungang. Zhengzhou-Bian Expressway is more than 50 kilometers away from Zhengzhou International Airport and Zhengzhou Customs.
Kaifeng's superior geographical location makes it a hub city with a north-south trend and an east-west trend. At the same time, it is the central city of two-way opening to the outside world along the Eurasian Continental Bridge, which has broad prospects for developing foreign economic and technological cooperation and large-scale economic development.
tourist resources
Kaifeng is a key tourist city in the Central Plains tourist area, with a history of "one Suzhou, two Hangzhou and three Bianzhou".
Ancient poems such as "The Five Pagodas of Shu Qi's Mingxia, Yimen Ancient Kingdom" and "Bianjing is rich in the world" vividly describe the luxury and unparalleled prosperity of Kaifeng, the ancient capital.
Especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng developed further with the help of the favorable conditions of Bianshui waterway transportation, with a population of one million, becoming the political, economic and cultural center of the country and one of the most prosperous cities in the world at that time.
A long history and splendid ancient culture have left many cultural relics and historical sites in Kaifeng.
At present, there are 84 cultural relics protection units at all levels in the city, including 5 national, 7 provincial, 26 municipal and 36 county-level/kloc-0.
There are thousands of iron towers and pagodas here, the Long Ting built on the ruins of the Forbidden City in Song and Jin Dynasties is magnificent, the city walls and historical sites built in Ming Dynasty are everywhere, the Taoist architecture in Yanqing is unique, the ancient blowing platform, the oldest scenic spot in Kaifeng, is simple and elegant, the Shanshan-Gansu Hall, which is famous for its carving art, is exquisite, and the Suoguo Temple, a famous ancient temple in the Central Plains, is magnificent and magnificent.
Kaifeng is also a famous "Northern Water City" in China with a water surface area of14. Panyang Lake at the foot of Long Ting and Baogong Lake on both sides of Yingbin Avenue are like four huge jasper inlaid in the ancient city, which is pleasing to the eye.
In recent years, Kaifeng has devoted itself to the development of tourism, rebuilding and building many historical and cultural landscapes, such as Shanghe Garden in Qingming Festival, Baogong Temple, Imperial Street in Song Dynasty, yangfu in Tian Bo and Hanyuan Forest of Steles.
Numerous scenic spots, unique historical and cultural resources and famous folk culture attract a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists to Kaifeng every year.
Folk Temple Fair, Lantern Festival, Bird Market, Chrysanthemum, Night Market, Kites, Cockfighting and Drumming.
higher education
Henan University, Kaifeng University, Huanghe Water Conservancy Vocational and Technical College
Special snack
Steamed soup packets, steamed buns on the first floor, Ma Yuxing's "cockfighting", three fresh lotus seed cakes and spiced rabbit meat.
Kaifeng Taosibao, Carp Braised Noodles, Chrysanthemum Hot Pot, Dajing Jujube, Huimian Noodles and Ma Shuang burned.
Sesame wings, mashed sweet potatoes, peanut cake.