? Eric? Hong Berger? sven goran eriksson
Eric? Hong Berger? Eric Holm Berg Erickson (1902- 1994), an American child psychoanalyst, is one of the most famous psychoanalytic theorists in contemporary times. Erik Hom Burger Erikson divided the life cycle into eight stages with self-identity as the core, and established the theory of gradual development of personality, which is the first in lifelong psychology research. This theory has played a great role in the transformation of developmental psychology to the whole life perspective. It brings social and cultural factors into psychoanalytic theory and represents the social and cultural turn of self-psychology. Erickson's theory of self-psychology has exerted a wide influence on the development of psychoanalytic psychology and made outstanding contributions.
Eriksson divides personality development into the following eight stages:
(1) infancy (0- 1 year). The development task at this stage is to gain trust and overcome doubts. Trust is formed in character? Hope? The quality of. What does this stage reflect? Hope? The realization of. Eriksson defines hope as? An achievable and lasting belief in one's wishes, resisting the roar of the dark forces, marks the birth of life. ?
For a baby who comes to this world for the first time, he is instinctively sensitive to whether this strange world is safe and can meet his needs. If you can get careful care and protection from adults, you will gradually build a sense of trust (that is, a sense of security) in the people around you and the world. On the contrary, it will lead to distrust, full of inner doubts about people and things outside and even the world in the later life. Trust is the foundation of the whole personality development.
(2) Early childhood (1-3 years old). The development task at this stage is to gain a sense of autonomy, overcome shyness and experience? Will. The realization of. What is Eriksson's definition of will? Despite the inevitable shyness and doubt, a firm determination to freely choose or restrain oneself. ?
At this stage, children's activity ability develops rapidly, and they have mastered many skills, such as crawling, walking and talking. I want to try everything myself and despise external control. ? Let me do it? 、? I didn't? Become the mantra of children at this stage. So, at this time, the contradiction between children and parents began to appear, appeared? The first stage of resistance? . If parents give their children some freedom within a safe range and encourage them to do what they can, they can make them feel independent. On the other hand, if there are too many restrictions, accusations or punishments, children will have doubts and shyness about their abilities. Erickson thinks that self-consciousness is formed in personality? Will. The quality of.
(3) Preschool period (3-6 years old). The development task at this stage is to gain the initiative, overcome guilt and experience? Purpose? The realization of. Eriksson defines purpose as? A courage to face up to and pursue valuable goals, which will not be limited by the failure of children's imagination, guilt and fear of punishment. ?
At this stage, children develop a desire to explore the world and expand the environment more widely on the basis of autonomy. If he is encouraged to take the initiative to explore, he will form initiative and lay the foundation for him to become a responsible and creative person in the future. If adults laugh at children's original behavior and imagination, then children will gradually lose self-confidence, tend to live in a narrow circle arranged by others, and lack the initiative to create a happy life. At this stage, initiative forms personality? Purpose? Quality.
(4) School age (6- 12 years old). The development task at this stage is to gain a sense of diligence and overcome inferiority and experience? Ability? The realization of. Eriksson said: the ability is not weakened by the child's inferiority complex, and what is needed to complete the task is the skilled skills and wisdom of free operation. ?
At this stage, children begin to enter school, which means they really enter the society. School is a place to train children to adapt to society and master the knowledge and skills necessary for future life. In order to complete the learning task and get along with others, children must work hard. If they can successfully complete their study tasks, they will gain a sense of diligence and form a good learning attitude, which will make them full of confidence in their future independent life and undertaking work tasks. On the contrary, it will produce inferiority complex. Eriksson believes that diligence is part of personality? Ability and quality. ?
(5) Adolescence (12- 18 years old). The development task at this stage is to establish identity, prevent identity confusion and experience? Loyalty? The realization of. The so-called identity is a series of feelings about who you are, what position you should occupy in society, what kind of person you want to be in the future, and how to strive to become an ideal person. Individuals entering adolescence, due to their rapid physical development, sexual maturity, and various social obligations and choices, will have doubts about the past and confusion about the future, and it is difficult to unify their true selves and ideal selves. This is the crisis of empathy. If individuals have a strong sense of trust, autonomy, initiative and diligence before entering adolescence, then it is easy to realize self-identity at this stage. Otherwise it is easy to form? Identity confusion? . Erickson thinks that self-identity is formed? Loyalty? The quality of.
What is Eriksson's definition of loyalty? The ability to adhere to self-confirmed identity regardless of the inevitable contradictions in the value system. ?
(6) Early adulthood (18-25 years old). The development task at this stage is to gain intimacy, avoid isolation and experience? Love? The realization of. What does Eriksson think love is? Suppress the genetic opposition between the opposite sex and give to each other forever. ?
At this stage, young people begin to seek a special relationship through which they can develop their intimate relationship. Love and marriage are the main features of this stage. Only young people with a strong sense of self-identity dare to risk intimate relationships with others. Because having a loving relationship with others is to integrate one's own identity with others' identity, there is self-sacrifice or loss here. Only in this way can we establish a real intimate relationship in love and gain a sense of intimacy. On the contrary, you will feel lonely. For example, many people may have experienced superficial relationships many times, but they have never been emotionally satisfied in real intimate relationships. The celibacy lifestyle may be convenient and pleasant for a period of time, but if it cannot be surpassed, it will lead to a serious lag in the development of emotions and personal satisfaction.
(7) Middle adulthood (25-50 years old). The development task at this stage is to gain a sense of reproduction, avoid a sense of stagnation and experience? Care? The realization of.
People at this stage should not only have children, but also undertake social work. This is a period when people care about the next generation and have the strongest desire to exert their creativity in society. Do you have reproductive consciousness? Healthy? And then what? Education? There are two meanings, even if a person has no children, he can gain a sense of reproduction by taking care of or educating other people's children. People who have no sense of reproduction will experience a sense of stagnation in development and meaningless life, and will become self-concerned. They only consider their own needs and interests and lose their enthusiasm for caring for others.
(8) Late adulthood (after 50 years old). The development task at this stage is to gain a sense of perfection, avoid a sense of failure and experience? Wisdom? The realization of. Eriksson defines it as:? Treat life and death calmly. ?
After experiencing many joys and sorrows in life, when the old man looks back on the past, if he feels that his life has not been wasted, he will have a sense of completeness, so that he can bid farewell to the world with full feelings and face death calmly. On the contrary, those who are dissatisfied with their past lives are often full of sense of loss, which leads them to die with despair and fear.
practice
1. Eriksson's personality development theory holds that children's personality development has gone through eight stages, and each stage has a development crisis determined by conflicts and contradictions, among which the crisis and conflict between 12 and 18 years old is ().
A. Diligence and inferiority B. Self-identity and role confusion
C. Sense of autonomy versus shame D. Sense of initiative versus guilt
1. Answer B. Analysis: Eriksson believes that the development of personality runs through an individual's life, and the whole development process can be divided into eight stages, the first five of which belong to the period of growth and education. The confusion of the same pair of characters (12 ~ 18 years old) is in the fifth stage. At this stage, individuals begin to realize the problem of self-concept, that is, they begin to think about it. Who am I? This problem is experiencing the conflict between role unification and role confusion. Role identity here is an organization about self-image, including consistent experience and ideas about self-ability, belief and personality. If individuals integrate these aspects well in this period and their thoughts and actions are consistent with their own role concepts, then individuals will gain better role identity. This stage has experienced the realization of loyalty.
Therefore, choose B in this question.
Option a, diligence has inferiority complex (6,7 ~12 years old). Children's successful experience enhances their sense of ability, and difficulties and setbacks lead to inferiority complex. These successful experiences are helpful for children to build up a diligent trait in their later social life, which is manifested in their willingness to work and good adaptability. It is necessary for adults to encourage children to be diligent in various activities. This stage is experiencing the realization of ability.
Option C, for shy and suspicious self-determination (18 months to 3 years old), children begin to show their needs and tendencies under control, eager for self-determination, and try to do something by themselves. At this time, parents should allow their children to explore freely and give them proper care and protection. If parents blindly set strict requirements and restrictions on their children, they will make them doubt their abilities. This stage is experiencing the realization of will.
D option, initiative versus guilt (3 ~ 6, 7 years old) The crisis at this stage is that children should not only maintain their enthusiasm for activities, but also control those activities that will cause harm or may be banned. Adults should supervise rather than interfere with children's initiative and creative activities. Too much interference may lead to children's lack of attempt and initiative. This stage is the realization of experience purpose.
ACD is inconsistent with the meaning of the question, so choose option B.
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Educational psychology of knowledge points-student psychology-socialization development and education-Eriksson's theory of socialization development
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