Guangzhou is a famous historical and cultural city. According to legend, in ancient times, five immortals dressed in five-color clothes, riding five-color fairy sheep and carrying ears of rice in their mouths came here and gave them to the people, hoping that there would never be famine here. Since then, Guangzhou has been called "Yangcheng" and "Guangzhou City", and "Wuyang" has also become a symbol of Guangzhou. According to historical records, as early as 2 14 BC, the city wall was built here, which has a history of 22 10 years, leaving many cultural relics, vividly reflecting the development of Guangzhou in various historical stages.
Guangzhou is also a heroic city, and the vigorous China Revolution in modern times has left a glorious past here. The history of heroes is unforgettable and awe-inspiring. At the same time, Guangzhou is also the starting point of the ancient Maritime Silk Road. Cooking? V-spot of Nuonan testicle? What about sheath calibration? Hey hey? Is the dream curtain fierce? Play an important role and present a prosperous, prosperous and beautiful scene.
The unique natural environment, unique southern customs, long history and culture, numerous places of interest, colorful culture and entertainment, and developed business and tourism services make Guangzhou one of the important tourist cities in China. Nowadays, all walks of life in Guangzhou are thriving and changing with each passing day. This historic city and tourist attraction, which is marching towards a modern international metropolis, is welcoming tourists from all directions at home and abroad with charming style.
Guangzhou was called "Chuting" in ancient times. According to historical records, as early as the Zhou Dynasty in the 9th century BC, the "Baiyue clan" living here had a close relationship with the Chu people in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The locals use "Chu Pavilion" to commemorate this friendship, which is the earliest name in Guangzhou.
In ancient times, Guangzhou was once the ancient capital of three dynasties. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo established Nanyue State in Guangzhou. By the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the "Southern Han Kingdom" appeared here; In addition, the "Nanming" dynasty mentioned in the literary masterpiece Peach Blossom Fan (founded in the late Ming Dynasty, the regime lasted only 40 days) also established its capital in Guangzhou. Guangzhou is an international metropolis full of modernity, vitality and a long history. It is one of the first 24 famous historical and cultural cities in China announced by the State Council, and it is also an excellent tourist city in China. Here are beautiful mountains and rivers, beautiful scenery, natural landscape and human landscape complement each other, and the streets and lanes set off the modern urban landscape, which is a place worth visiting.
Guangzhou used to be a tropical and subtropical forest in ancient times, and it is still a plant kingdom today. South china botanical garden, Yuntai Garden, Liuhua Lake Park, People's Park, Luhu Park, Dongshan Lake Park, etc. Fully display the characteristics of southern gardens in China, with Conghua Hot Spring Scenic Area, Conghua Liuxihe National Forest Park and Zhang Furong Scenic Area in the suburbs.
The main local cultural landscapes include the tomb of Nanyue King, zhenhai tower, xiguan big house, the former site of Sanyuanli's anti-British struggle, the former site of Huangpu Military Academy, and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, which can be used by future generations to remember the heroic deeds of their ancestors.
Geographical location and scope
Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong Province and the center of politics, economy, science and technology, education and culture in Guangdong Province. Guangzhou is located in the south of Chinese mainland, in the south-central part of Guangdong Province, on the northern edge of the Pearl River Delta, near the downstream of the Pearl River Basin. Its range is 1 12 degrees 57 minutes east to 1 14 degrees 3 minutes north to 22 degrees 26 minutes north to 23 degrees 56 minutes. It is adjacent to Boluo and Longmen counties in Huizhou City in the east, Sanshui, Nanhai and Shunde cities in Foshan City in the west, Fogang County and Xinfeng County in Qingyuan City and Shaoguan City in the north, Dongguan City and Zhongshan City in the south, and faces Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions across the sea.
Due to the numerous islands and dense waterways in the Pearl River Estuary, including Humen, Hengmen and Modaomen, Guangzhou has become an excellent seaport for ocean transportation in China and the import and export shore of the Pearl River Basin. Guangzhou is also the intersection of Beijing-Guangzhou, Guangzhou-Shenzhen, Guang Mao and Guangzhou-Meishan railways, and the civil aviation transportation center in South China, with very close ties with all parts of the country. Therefore, Guangzhou is called the "South Gate" of China.
Land resources and their basic characteristics
Guangzhou has a total area of 7,434.4 square kilometers, including agricultural land122,700 hectares and forestry land of 309,200 hectares. Guangzhou has limited land resources, but its land types are diverse and its suitability is wide. The terrain is complex and decreases from north to south. The highest peak is the Tiantangding at the junction of Conghua City and Longmen County in the north, with an altitude of1210m. The northeast is a middle-low mountainous area, the middle is a hilly basin, and the south is a coastal alluvial plain, which is an integral part of the Pearl River Delta. Due to the interaction of various natural factors, a variety of land types have been formed, which can be divided into the following types according to the vertical zone of land:
1, middle and low mountains. It is a mountainous area with an altitude of 400-500 meters, mainly distributed in the mountainous area in the northeast of this city, with a general slope of more than 20-25 degrees. The parent materials of soil are mainly granite and sand shale. This kind of land is an important water conservation forest base, which is suitable for developing ecological forest and hydropower.
2. Hilly areas. The slopes in the vertical zone below 400 ~ 500m above sea level are mainly distributed among mountains, basins and plains, and are distributed in Zengcheng, Conghua, Huadu, the eastern suburbs and the north of the urban area. Soil-forming parent materials are mainly composed of sand shale, granite and metamorphic rocks. This kind of land can be used as the growth base of timber forest and economic forest.
3. Gang Tai. The relative elevation is less than 80m, and the slope is less than 15 degree. Mainly distributed in Zengcheng, Conghua, Baiyun, Huangpu, Panyu, Huadu and Tianhe. Soil-forming parent materials are mainly accumulated red soil, red rock series and sand shale. This kind of land can be developed and utilized as agricultural land, and is also suitable for planting fruits, economic forests or pastures.
4. Alluvial plain. There are mainly the Pearl River Delta Plain, the Guanghua Plain alluvial by Liuxi River and the alluvial and marine plains along Panyu coast. With deep soil layer and fertile land, it is the main production base of grain, sugar cane and vegetables in this city.
5. the beach. Mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Nansha, Wanqingsha and Xinken Town, Panyu City.
Climatic characteristics
Guangzhou is located in the south subtropical zone and has a typical monsoon maritime climate. Because the back of the mountain faces the sea, the maritime climate is particularly remarkable, with warm and rainy, sufficient light and heat, small temperature difference, long summer and short frost period. Because of the same period of water and heat, it is very beneficial to the growth of crops, but the threat of natural disasters is also great. It often brings adverse effects to industrial and agricultural production.
Guangzhou is rich in light and heat resources, with annual average sunshine hours1875.1~1959.9 hours, annual total solar radiation 105.3 ~ 109.8 kcal/cm 2, and annual average temperature. The frost-free period is 290 days in the north and 346 days in the south.
Guangzhou has abundant rainfall, with annual precipitation 1689.3 ~ 1876.5mm, and rainy season (April-September) accounts for about 85% of the whole year. Due to the influence of topography, there are more mountains than plains, and more in the north than in the south. At the same time, the rainy season coincides with strong light and high heat, forming a fairly high climatic biological potential (light and warm water potential), reaching 77865 ~ 97950 kg/ha.
The alternation of winter and summer monsoon is a remarkable feature of Guangzhou monsoon climate. As the polar continental air mass extends southward, the north wind in winter is dry and cold. Due to the northward expansion of tropical ocean air mass, the southerly wind in summer is warm and humid. Summer monsoon usually turns into winter monsoon in September, and winter monsoon turns into summer monsoon in April.
Water source characteristics
Guangzhou's local water resources are few, and its per capita possession is not high. The water area of the city is 74,400 hectares, accounting for 10% of the land area of the city. The main rivers are Zengjiang River and Liuxi River. Dongjiang River flows through the urban area and joins the Pearl River into the sea. The total local water resources are 810.29 billion cubic meters, including 61100 million cubic meters of surface water, 2.037 billion cubic meters of shallow groundwater and 82 million cubic meters of deep groundwater. In terms of river runoff, per square kilometer 1.082 million cubic meters, per capita 1.375 cubic meters, and per hectare, 49,425 cubic meters, 63,000 cubic meters more than the average level of Guangdong Province, less per capita 1.9830 cubic meters. The river network area in the south of Guangzhou is in the tidal current area. Humen, Jiaomen and Qili in the Pearl River enter Lingdingyang and leave the South China Sea in the south of the city, with large runoff and strong tidal current.
Guangzhou is located in the south water-rich area and belongs to the estuary area of the Pearl River system. Transit water resources are abundant, with a total amount of 65.438+0245 billion cubic meters, which is 654.38+05 times of local water resources. Among them, the main stream of Dongjiang River flows through Zengcheng City with 20.4 billion cubic meters; Beijiang River flows into Guangzhou Waterway through Lubao, Southwest Gate, Heping Waterway and Dashichong * * * 30 billion cubic meters; Xijiang River and Beijiang River are regulated by Sixianjiao, Ganzhutan and Donghai Waterways respectively, and then flow into Panyu Waterway ***74 1 100 million cubic meters.
Conghua Hot Springs are rich in groundwater, with water temperature of 50℃-70℃ and rich in minerals.
Biological resources
The natural conditions in Guangzhou provide a good ecological environment for a variety of living things to inhabit and multiply and crop species, with a wide variety of living things and rapid growth. The zonal vegetation is subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, but there are few natural forests, and the forests in mountainous and hilly areas are secondary forests and artificial forests.
Cultivated crops have obvious characteristics of transition from tropical to subtropical, and are one of the richest fruit tree resources in China, including tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, with 40 families, 77 genera 132 species and more than 500 varieties. It is also the origin and species center of litchi, citrus, longan and olive. Vegetables are famous for their high quality and variety, with nearly 400 varieties in 14 category. Flower bonsai is a specialty of this city, with flowers, leaves and fruits. There are more than 50 varieties of Cymbidium, Osmanthus fragrans, Jasmine, Michelia, Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum, Kumquat and Four Seasons Orange 150.
Rice is the main food crop, which is harvested twice a year. Cash crops are mainly sugarcane, peanuts, vegetables and fruits. Guangzhou is the "hometown of fruits", with more than 500 varieties, among which litchi, banana, papaya and pineapple are known as "the four best fruits in Lingnan". There are also many kinds of livestock and poultry, aquatic products, wild animals, and many famous and excellent varieties.
mineral resources
The geological structure of Guangzhou is quite complex and has good metallogenic conditions. At present, 52 kinds of minerals have been discovered, and 35 kinds have been proved or are to be estimated; There are 396 main producing areas, including large and medium-sized mines 17, and the rest are small mines. Minerals include ferrous metals and metallurgical auxiliary raw materials, nonferrous metals, precious metals, rare earths and rare metals, as well as non-metallic minerals such as energy, chemicals and building materials, among which coal, iron, lead, zinc, rare earths, porcelain clay, gold, marble, tantalum and nickel are the most abundant, especially building materials.
Building materials include building stone, cement limestone, cement mixed clay, cement mixed sandstone, kaolin, nepheline, orthoclase, potash feldspar, graphite, clay and quartz sand. Among them, the reserve of building stone is 650 million cubic meters, river sand is 65.438+74 million cubic meters, and the recoverable reserve of decorative stone is 65.438+000 million cubic meters. There is 18 water marl with proven reserves of 369.9 million tons. The average grade contains 5 1% calcium oxide. There are 7 kinds of cement clay, with proven reserves of 2.94 million tons. There are two cement batching sands with proven reserves of 24.43 million tons.
tourist resources
Guangzhou has beautiful landscapes and rich tourism resources. There are dozens of cultural tourist attractions such as Baiyue Guanci (Chenjiamiao), Yuntai Garden (Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area) and Wuyang Xianting. Zhenhai tower (Yuexiu Park, Guangzhou Museum), Light of the New Sea (Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Huanghuagang Park), Lotus Xiaoqing (Lianhuashan Tourist Area), Landscape Belt on both sides of the Pearl River, Yuexiu Mountain, CITIC Plaza (Waterfall), Guangdong Olympic Center, Guangzhou New Gymnasium, Guangzhou Art Museum, Xiguan Commercial Corridor (Guangzhou Commercial Pedestrian Street), Liu Rong Flower Pagoda (Liu Rong Temple) and Hong Xiuquan's former residence.
Guangzhou is a famous cultural city with a long history of more than 2,200 years. As early as the Zhou Dynasty in the 9th century BC, the "Baiyue" people here had contacts with Chu people in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and the "Chu Pavilion" was specially built, which was the earliest name of Guangzhou. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC), Nanhai County was established after the unification of Lingnan (the county is located in Panyu, which is today's Guangzhou). In 226 A.D., Sun Quan was divided into Jiaozhou and Guangzhou from Jiaozhou, hence the name "Guangzhou". It was not until 192 1 established the city hall that Guangzhou was specifically mentioned.
Guangzhou, also known as "Yangcheng" and "Guangzhou City", is called the Flower City because of its unbeaten flowers in four seasons. According to legend, during the Zhou Dynasty, Guangzhou suffered from famine year after year, and the people were in dire straits. One day, there were five colorful auspicious clouds floating in the sky of the South China Sea. Five immortals rode five sheep, each carrying a bunch of ears of grain, which were dedicated to the residents, wishing the local area a bumper harvest and no famine. Later, the immortals drifted away, leaving five sheep turned into stones. Today, Yuexiu Park has built the "Wuyang Stone Statue" with this legend as its theme.
Guangzhou was a prosperous metropolis in Qin and Han Dynasties. Among the world famous historical cities, except for a few cities such as Rome and Athens, Paris, London and Moscow are all younger than Guangzhou. Guangzhou is the port of origin of the maritime "Silk Road" since Han and Tang Dynasties. As the earliest and never closed trading port in China, it occupies a very important position in the world.
There are many places of interest in Guangzhou. National, provincial and municipal cultural relics protection units 156. Among them, national level 16, provincial level 28 and municipal level 1 12. The site of shipbuilding in Qin and Han Dynasties and the site of imperial garden in Nanyue Palace in Western Han Dynasty excavated along Zhongshan 4th Road in the urban area have been rated as "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China" by 1997, and are now applying to the United Nations for world historical and cultural heritage.
Guangzhou is the birthplace of China's modern revolution. The famous Sanyuanli Anti-British Struggle, Huanghuagang Democratic Revolutionary Movement and Guangzhou Commune Uprising all took place in Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen, the revolutionary pioneer, founded the Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou and established political power three times. Mao Zedong held a workshop on the peasant movement here, which trained a large number of revolutionary backbone forces. Zhang, Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the vigorous Guangzhou Uprising here. Lu Xun, Guo Moruo and Yu Dafu also came to Guangzhou to spread advanced culture.