(1) China's traditional ideas are deeply rooted, and the idea that "women are the masters of the country" has never changed.
The unequal concepts of "men are superior to women" and "husbands are wives" have been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. In people's minds, the criterion for evaluating women's success is not whether they have a successful career, but whether they have a happy marriage and a happy family. The embodiment of women's own value is to return to their families and educate their children. It is this traditional concept that makes the employment situation of women increasingly severe. On the one hand, women will give more consideration to family, region and other factors when choosing a job, which in a sense reduces the jobs they can choose. On the other hand, the pressure from society and family makes women begin to doubt their values and gradually lose their enthusiasm and creativity in work, which is one of the important reasons why many enterprises are more willing to recruit men.
(B) enterprises to reduce labor costs, the pursuit of maximizing their own interests.
In a woman's career, she needs to go through pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. China's labor law clearly stipulates: "The maternity leave salary of female employees does not affect their high welfare benefits." Therefore, under the market economy system, in order to save the cost of human resources and maximize their own interests, enterprises are more willing to choose male employees and provide them with opportunities for learning and training. In addition, when women return to work after maternity leave, they are likely to be unfamiliar with their skills and out of touch with their jobs, which leads to the reluctance of enterprises to provide them with retraining. Moreover, women's physical and physiological conditions are generally inferior to those of men, and some heavy physical labor and continuous work are not suitable for women, which is another factor that causes the inequality between men and women in employment.
(C) the decline in the quality of higher education, the expansion of enrollment led to imbalance between supply and demand
Since 1999 began to expand enrollment, the number of college students in China has increased year by year. It is predicted that China's gross enrollment rate will reach 40% in 2020, and China's higher education has gradually changed from "elite education" to "mass education". For their own benefit, some schools blindly recruit students and add some so-called hot majors to increase the number of students without reasonable professional settings and teacher arrangements. After graduation, I found that there is a huge contradiction between the number of graduates and the market demand. At the beginning, the so-called hot majors were already in short supply. Therefore, the key to the grim employment situation lies in the university itself: bureaucracy, blind enrollment expansion, unreasonable specialty setting, uneven distribution of teaching resources, uneven quality of teachers, and declining sense of responsibility of the school, which leads to a general decline in the quality of graduates and a decrease in the recognition of graduates when recruiting enterprises, which also makes the employment situation of female college students bound and discriminated by many factors even more severe.
(D) women's own lack of comprehensive quality, it is difficult to quickly adapt to the needs of the workplace
First of all, women lack a correct view of employment. Influenced by traditional ideas, women will consider more factors such as region, salary, allowance and welfare when choosing a job, and are more willing to go to government agencies, institutions and state-owned enterprises for stability and dignity. Secondly, the education system makes students lack the ability of practice and innovation. The specialty setting and evaluation system of higher education is still not perfect. Schools overemphasize the importance of grades and pay little attention to students' practice and innovation ability. Many students have high scores but low ability and read dead books. In addition, girls are introverted and have strong self-esteem. It is difficult for them to adapt to the workplace quickly after entering the society and cannot meet the needs of the workplace.
(E) Law enforcement is not strong, and the security system is not perfect.
At present, there are still many defects in China's laws and policies on women's employment rights. Some regulations are not operable, the legal provisions are unclear, and there is a lack of a clear definition of discrimination, which makes it impossible for women to protect their rights and interests with legal weapons when they are discriminated against. For example, Article 62 of the Employment Promotion Law stipulates: "Workers who have employment discrimination may bring a lawsuit to the people's court." However, there is no clear concept of discrimination in the regulations, and many invisible discrimination in recruitment cannot be defined by law. In short, it is not only time-consuming and laborious for women to safeguard their rights and interests through judicial procedures, but also the results are often unsatisfactory. If we don't perfect some specific provisions in the law and simplify the complicated procedures in the process of filing a case, then more women will choose silence in the face of discrimination.
Second, measures and suggestions to improve female employment discrimination
(1) Changing traditional ideas and improving women's educational level.
The key to eliminate female employment discrimination is to change the gender discrimination thought for thousands of years and fundamentally realize the equality of employment opportunities between men and women. First of all, we should improve the education level of all citizens, especially in rural areas, change their traditional mode of thinking that men are superior to women and establish the concept of equality between men and women. Secondly, expand the popularization of basic education and improve women's own education level and market competitiveness.
(2) Improve the maternity insurance system and share the labor costs of enterprises.
The fundamental reason why enterprises discriminate against women is to save labor costs and maximize their own interests. Therefore, the state should improve the maternity insurance system for women, and the state and society should bear the maternity cost, reduce the expenses that enterprises should bear, let enterprises objectively evaluate women's labor ability, and establish a people-oriented management concept.
(3) Improve the quality of education and strengthen employment guidance.
On the one hand, we should ensure the teaching quality of higher education, guide students to establish a correct outlook on life, values and employment, cultivate students' practical and innovative ability, and improve women's competitiveness in the workplace. On the other hand, it pays attention to improving women's own quality and skills, especially strengthening technical training for rural women and unemployed women workers, so that women can be liberated from single housework and join the labor market, thus effectively improving women's economic status.
Accelerate the development of the tertiary industry and encourage women to start their own businesses.
The state should provide corresponding preferential policies to encourage the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, accelerate the development of the tertiary industry, create more jobs for women, ease the contradiction between labor supply and demand, and make the distribution ratio of male and female labor more reasonable. In addition, in today's advocating "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", the state should also encourage and support women's entrepreneurship. First, formulate corresponding business plans to provide more business platforms for women; Second, schools and society can hold corresponding entrepreneurship courses to strengthen women's understanding and cognition of entrepreneurship; Third, microfinance supports women's entrepreneurship and opens up new employment channels for them.
(5) Improve the law on the protection of women's rights and interests and establish a social security system.
Implementing the employment law involving women, refining the legal provisions and simplifying the cumbersome procedures in the legislative process will really make the law a powerful weapon to safeguard women's rights and interests. In addition, the government should establish a perfect social security system to ensure that women can enjoy their due treatment and welfare during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation, and will not lose their labor rights and economic interests, so as to truly realize the legalization and institutionalization of the protection of women's rights and interests.
To sum up, the reasons for female employment discrimination are as follows: China's traditional concept is deeply rooted, and the idea of "women being the master" has never changed; In order to reduce labor costs, enterprises pursue the maximization of their own interests; The quality of higher education is declining, and the expansion of enrollment leads to the imbalance between supply and demand; Because of the lack of comprehensive quality, it is difficult for women to adapt to the needs of the workplace quickly; Law enforcement is not strong, and the security system is not perfect.