? Notes on Nan Yi's lectures
The reason why it is called tour can actually be regarded as a simple review of the development history of Guqin. Try to take care of all historical periods. However, the Guqin culture in different periods is difficult to share completely in just a few words.
Ancient music
? In primitive society, our ancestors knew little about nature and the world. Therefore, they have great fear of God and everything. Whether it's offering sacrifices to ancestors, gods of heaven and earth, temples, mountains and rivers, etc. All these complicated ceremonies are actually a way for people to talk to everything in the world and seek mutual understanding.
Musical instruments can be regarded as the crystallization of flowing music. Each instrument carries the corresponding music, historical language and traces. Guqin is no exception. So if you want to know about the guqin in China's traditional society. We just need to know what the music was like at that time.
? In ancient times, that is, what we call this primitive society, because the development of form was relatively simple. Each part is not independent enough, so in our artistic concept today, it is the integration of singing, dancing and music. This comprehensive art form is what we call music and dance.
In fact, this early comprehensive performance of singing, music and dancing is very famous in Yao Shunyu. For example, Shun Di's music and dance Xiao Shao was one of the six generations of music and dance, which was very popular at that time. Even after Confucius saw Xiao Shao's performance in Qi, he was very emotional. It was considered a perfect performance, which made Confucius not know the taste of March meat.
Music and dance "Xiao Shao" Fuxi cuts tung into wood, and Shennong's rope is the stringed guqin music "Ren Shenchang"
Guqin in pre-Qin period
? Guqin in the tomb of Zeng Houyi, Hubei Province, half a box of guqin
? The Book of Songs is a collection of poems in the pre-Qin period, in which there are many records: My Fair Lady, Friends of Rabbit. Wait a few words. Let's have a lot of beautiful imagination about the scenes of harps and songs.
Middle Ages
? There were some pottery figurines, wooden figurines and other funerary objects in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Xi 'an are the pinnacle of replacing human sacrifices with figurines, so there are also some vivid father pottery figurines in the corresponding Han Dynasty.
? Although the details of such a terracotta warrior have been worn out, we still can't see it clearly. However, we can still vaguely distinguish that the Qin in the Han Dynasty is very different from the half-box guqin in the pre-Qin period. Moreover, judging from the ratio of characters to the piano, the size of the piano is basically close to the guqin we play today.
Medieval Wei and Jin Guqin
The emblem is Fu Qin by Ji Kang, a Zhongshan jade, and Drunk by Yao Bingyan.
The appearance of Guqin Qinhui dates back to the Han Dynasty and the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Ji Kang's Fu Qin mentioned that the emblem is Zhongshan Jade. This sentence can be understood as a jade pendant from Zhongshan, not a badge. If you look it up in the dictionary, you will find that the emblem itself has the meaning of a sign.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the literati who made the greatest contribution to guqin were the political losers, and the representative figures were the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest. Ji Kang's Guangling San and Ruan Ji's Drunk.
Guqin in Tang dynasty
The Tang Dynasty witnessed the professional development of guqin, and professional players who paid attention to skills began to appear. Many piano players in the Tang Dynasty put forward some important playing ideas, which are worth learning from.
Zhao (539-639): Pianist in the early Tang Dynasty, born in Yinxian (now Yinxian). Because of his superb piano skills, he was honored as "Zhao Shi" by the world. In terms of playing techniques, Zhao thinks that if only nails are used, the sound will be miserable, and if only fingers are used, the sound will be dull. He advocated that "A and meat blend together, and the sound is warm and moist."
? Dong (about 695 ~ 765) studied under Chen Huaigu in Fengzhou (now Shaanxi) in his early years, and studied Shen Jiasheng and Zhu Jiasheng in Zhao You. His good piano was appreciated by Fang Guan, the prime minister. His superb piano skills are often praised by poets: "Mochow doesn't have a bosom friend, and everyone in the world doesn't know you." (Gao Shi "Don't be big")
? Tang Dynasty pianist Xue Hetian Bao (AD 742-756) wrote a letter to Hanlin with a piano boy. He advocates learning piano music less but better. Because many are not refined, but not many are refined. This is what we can learn from today, and strive for perfection for several piano pieces.
Guqin in Song Dynasty
Song Huizong likes guqin and spring thunder, painting and listening to music. Song Huizong collected world-famous pianos in Wanqintang, including "Spring Thunder Piano" made by Wei Lei, a famous pianist in the Tang Dynasty.
Yi Hai, a monk in A Qin, was a master of A Qin in the Northern Song Dynasty, an introductory disciple of Master Huiri Zhong Yi and a second disciple of Zhu Wenji. I don't go downhill for ten years, and I can't let go of my strings day and night, so I am poor. The art of the ocean lies not in the sound, but in its bleak meaning, which is beyond the sound and beyond everyone's reach. Yihai summed up the changing law of the playing speed of Daoqin music. He said: if the stars are not chaotic, the water is infinite.
Guo Mian (about1190-1260), born in Yongjia (now Wenzhou, Zhejiang), was an outstanding guqin performer, composer and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the founder of "Zhejiang Guqin". Creation background of Xiaoxiang Shuiyun: At that time, Yuan Bing invaded Zhejiang, Guo Mian moved to Hengshan, Hunan, and often swam at Xiaoxiang junction. Whenever Jiuyi Mountain is shrouded by clouds and water in the distance and sees the scene of clouds and water rushing, he deeply feels the loss of state affairs, arouses his infinite feelings about the broken mountains and rivers and the wandering times, and expresses his worries and nostalgia by borrowing water and clouds.
Wang Yuanliang, a great word, is called Yunshui and Qiantang people. As a pianist of Du Zong, the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1265- 1274), he went north to Yan Dou with the "Three Palaces" (Empress Dowager Tai, Empress Xie and Du Zong) for many years and was deeply touched by the pain of national subjugation. He often "tears into sentences" with the imperial secretary who went with him and wrote many patriotic poems.
Ming and Qing dynasties to the present?
"Xi Shanqin Mine" of Yushan School
Xu Shangying's Qin Shan Qin Qing is a comprehensive and systematic monograph on Qin Le's performance art theory and an important work in the history of China's music aesthetics. This book puts forward 24 aesthetic categories of Guqin performance art on the basis of summarizing the previous Qin theory, that is, the so-called "twenty-four situations". These 24 conditions are:
Harmonious, quiet, clear, distant, ancient, elegant, elegant, beautiful, bright, mining, clean, smooth, round, firm, macro, subtle, smooth, healthy, light, heavy, delay and speed.
Zhu Quan, the seventeenth son of Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Quan is versatile, well-read and extraordinary in writing. He is the author of Tea Spectrum, Secret Method Spectrum and Taihe Yin Zhengpu. 1425 It took 12 years to complete The Secret Music of Magic, which is the earliest piano music album in existence.
Guqin also experienced a difficult period in modern times, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, and its development was very slow. There are only over 100 piano players in China, and there are even fewer piano halls all over the country.
? The turning point in the development of Guqin was in 2003. This year, Guqin was listed in the representative list of human material and intangible cultural heritage. In the past ten years from 2003 to now, we have gradually learned about Guqin in various ways. Including our school, Wu Na's online courses and so on. To provide a possibility and opportunity for people all over the country and even the world to know and get close to Guqin.
Listen to the piano music in the lecture:
1, Xiaoxiang Water Cloud by Wu Na.
2. Yao Bingyan's "Drunkard"
3. Guqin Music "Singing by God"