1. Topographic characteristics and soil erosion before project implementation Jiangxi is located on the south bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, surrounded by mountains on three sides and facing the river on one side, and adjacent to Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan and Hubei provinces. Since ancient times, there have been five Chu tails and Moon Lake Minting. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north, with mountains and hills in the south, hilly basins in the middle and Poyang Lake plain in the north. Six mountains, one water, two fields, one road and one manor. The so-called mountains, rivers and lakes are Poyang Lake and the five rivers flowing into the lake and their basins. This is a complete and unique water system, and the whole river and lake project area is 654.38+6200 square kilometers, accounting for 97% of the province's land area. Due to various reasons, there have also been short-term behaviors in Jiangxi history, such as deforestation in mountainous areas, blind reclamation in lake areas and fishing in cold waters, which have caused the deterioration of the ecological environment. In the early 1980s, the annual sediment transport in the mountainous area of southern Jiangxi alone reached 53.35 million tons, and the area of soil erosion in the whole area reached 165438+ 10,000 hectares, accounting for more than 35% of the total area of the whole mountainous area. At that time, there was a saying that Ningdu moved to the capital and rejuvenating the country would perish. Twenty years ago, international soil and water conservation experts found that the couple said with emotion that Xingguo County had the highest soil erosion in the world and was called the desert in the south of the Yangtze River. At that time, the storytelling was carried out in the mountains, the mountains and the monk's head, and the flood went down the mountain, everywhere; There were no cracks in Tian Yu for three consecutive days, and a heavy rain filled the mountains with sand. Singing the bitterness and helplessness of the people of rejuvenating the country. The loose surface of Mesozoic granite can't stand people's trampling on vegetation, and the unbalanced nature relentlessly retaliates against its owner. By 1980, the county has 2240 square kilometers of mountains, and soil erosion accounts for 84.8%. Serious soil erosion leads to frequent droughts and floods. There are no trees on the mountain, no skin on the ground, no water in the river, no fertilizer in the field, no firewood in the stove and no rice in the warehouse. 1982, the county's per capita net income was only 12 1.2 yuan, and the per capita grain output was only 240 Jin. 1983, Xingguo county was listed as the key management area of national forestry soil and water conservation. Due to soil erosion, the navigation mileage on water in the whole province has been sharply reduced from 6.5438+0.2 million kilometers to 5,000 kilometers. The continuous falling of sediment makes Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, overwhelmed, the water body shrinks, the function of the lake declines, and the flood disaster in the lake area is serious. Since then, a people's war to control wasteland has begun.

2. The Shanhe Lake Project has been divided into four stages from 1983 to the present 20 years.

(1) In the early 1980s, it was a stage of scientific investigation and exploration of engineering ideas: the first stage of the project of mountains and rivers and lakes began with the management of Poyang Lake. In the past, water conservancy, agriculture, transportation, health, geology and other departments have done a lot of investigation and research work on Poyang Lake from their respective business scope, but they have not formed a unified comprehensive development and regulation plan for the Pearl River, and individual treatment is often difficult to achieve. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the whole party has taken economic construction as the center and implemented reform and opening up, which has brought opportunities for the development and governance of Poyang Lake. During the period of 1983, the provincial party committee and government organized a comprehensive investigation team of southern mountainous areas of Chinese Academy of Sciences, including 9 departments and bureaus, 39 scientific research institutions and universities, and more than 600 natural and social scientists to jointly conduct comprehensive and in-depth comprehensive scientific investigation and development management research experiments in Poyang Lake and Ganjiang River Basin. Through investigation, it is found that the key to the control of Poyang Lake is to solve the problem of sediment deposition, which can only be solved from the aspects of mountainous area, source and soil and water conservation. From this, it is concluded that the lake must govern the river and the river must govern the mountain; Mountains are the source, rivers are streams and lakes are reservoirs. Mountains, rivers and lakes are interrelated and isomorphic into an interdependent eco-economic system of large basins. This scientific understanding grasps the inseparable internal relationship between the management of mountains, rivers and lakes, and embodies the systematic thought of the development and management of rivers and lakes in mountainous areas.

(2) The middle and late 1980s is a typical stage of the experimental demonstration and cultivation project. The second stage of the mountain river and lake project is to combine the management of mountain rivers and lakes with economic development and poverty alleviation. Because the poor people are mainly concentrated in mountainous areas and lake areas, in order to develop the economy and get rid of poverty, these places must harness mountains and rivers, improve the ecological environment and improve the productivity of the eco-economic system. Based on this understanding, the mountain rivers and lakes project further put forward the policy of "based on ecology, paying attention to economy, systematic development and comprehensive management", and expanded the mountain rivers and lakes project from a simple landscape management system project to an eco-economic system project integrating mountain management, water control and poverty alleviation. More than 9 types 100 experimental demonstration bases and popularization points have been formed successively. The provincial party committee and government made scientific decisions, and decided to take the development and management of rivers and lakes in mountainous areas as the fundamental project to revitalize Jiangxi's economy, and as the fundamental policy to promote the coordinated development of economy, society and environment. A leading group and office for the development and management of rivers and lakes in mountainous areas of Jiangxi Province, headed by the governor, was set up for unified planning, management and coordination. The Outline of the Master Plan for the Development and Governance of Rivers and Lakes in Mountainous Areas of Jiangxi Province was compiled and submitted to the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress on 199 1 for deliberation and adoption, bringing the mountain rivers and lakes project into the orbit of rule of law.

(3) Overall deployment and overall promotion stage: The third stage of the mountain rivers and lakes project takes the opportunity of the 1992 World Environmental Development Conference, making the mountain rivers and lakes project one of the first choice projects in China's 2 1 century agenda and bringing it into the track of sustainable development theory. The practice of Shanhe Lake Project has attracted worldwide attention because it conforms to the trend of coordinated development of economy and environment, and has become an important window for Jiangxi's external publicity. On the other hand, the mountain river and lake project has become an important part of the Ninth Five-Year Plan and the outline of 20 10 long-term goals for Jiangxi's economic and social development, making the mountain river and lake project the basis for major government decisions.

In the past 20 years, 26 experimental demonstration bases and 127 extension points, 1 12 agricultural comprehensive development bases and 6 small watershed management models have been established in the mountainous rivers and lakes. From 1985 to 1996, 4 million poor people in the province were lifted out of poverty; The area of soil erosion decreased from 3.3 million hectares to 6.5438+0.3 million hectares; 2.3 million hectares of trees were planted in cities and towns in the province, and barren hills suitable for forest were basically eliminated. The forest coverage rate increased from 365,438 0.5% to 59.7%, and the amount of sediment entering the lake was greatly reduced. The water surface of the province is 25 million mu, accounting for110 of the national fresh water area. In the desolate mountain village with light mountains, thin fields and poor people, a gratifying scene of green mountains and green waters and rich people has initially appeared.

(4) New thinking in the new century: 1999 mentioned 165438+ 10 At the international symposium on river basin management held in Nanchang in October, experts suggested that China should build an open eco-economic zone in the new century, and Jiangxi has the best conditions to become a national provincial eco-economic zone. Some experts pointed out that the eco-economic development strategy is one of Jiangxi's development strategies in the new century, and its basic idea was put forward on the basis of the mountain and river management project.

2 1 century, Jiangxi will develop three pillar industries on the basis of improving the management of mountain rivers and lakes and further optimizing the ecological environment. These three pillar industries are: modern agriculture based on ecological agriculture; Green industrial cluster with organic instruments and green agricultural products as the main body; Tourism based on eco-tourism. In the specific deployment of the development and management of rivers and lakes in mountainous areas, the development of small watersheds is taken as the basic unit, and the development of small watersheds is combined with the development of county economy to form a virtuous circle of ecological economy, realize the coordination and unity of economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits, and transform our better ecological resources advantages into economic advantages. Therefore, when formulating the tenth five-year plan for science and technology, we envisage implementing a science and technology action plan, that is, the construction project of ecological economic zone; With the goal of developing green food, green agricultural products and cultivating green industrial clusters with Jiangxi characteristics, we will implement all-round development from point to line. The so-called point is to select typical areas with different ecological types, establish demonstration sites 12 for the construction of ecological economic zones with different characteristics, explore and improve different technical models, and gradually expand the demonstration areas; The so-called "Line" refers to the establishment of a high-quality and efficient experimental demonstration base integrating rice, rape, fruits, vegetables, tea, pigs and cows with the Spark Industrial Belt along Beijing-Kowloon as the leader. The so-called noodles are to cultivate green industrial clusters and vigorously develop organic food industry, ecological agriculture, ecological industry, eco-tourism and environmental protection industries. Take Wuyuan County visited by General Secretary Jiang on May 29th as an example. The forest coverage rate of this county is 8 1.5%, which is called the last Shangri-La. The county is divided into three eco-agricultural areas: the northeast is the eco-forestry area, the middle is the eco-tea fruit work area, and the southwest is the grain, animal husbandry and fishery ecological area. It is the first batch of eco-agricultural counties and the first AAAA-level cultural eco-tourism scenic spot in China. Its products are red (purse red carp), green (tea), white (Jiangwan pear) and black (inkstone), and AA-grade vats of tea have been exported to the EU market for more than 6,000 tons, accounting for 80% of the market share.