I. Current situation of employment
1, the economically active population increases and the labor force participation rate increases.
The economically active population refers to the population aged 16 and above who have the ability to work and participate in or require to participate in social and economic activities. Sampling survey data show that in 2008, the economically active population in Xiamen accounted for 74.0% of the population aged 16 and above. In terms of gender, the male labor force participation rate is 82.3% and the female labor force participation rate is 65.8%. The male labor force participation rate is higher than that of women 16.5 percentage points, and more male labor resources are invested in economic activities than women.
Compared with 2007, the city's labor force participation rate increased by 2.3 percentage points, and the economically active population increased. In terms of age, the labor force participation rate of only four age groups in the 12 age group decreased slightly compared with the previous year, and the labor force participation rate of eight age groups increased; Especially, the labor force participation rate of the population aged 35-64, compared with the previous year, showed an upward trend in synchronization with the age of the age group (see table 1). It shows that with the change of employment concept, some people who had no intention of working or employment re-entered the labor market, changing from inactive population to economically active population.
Table 1: changes in labor force participation rate by age
In 2008 and 2007, the increase was 74.0 765 438+0.7 2.316-19 years old 56.1.57.2-1.120-24 years old 86.387. 8.4 89.6-1.2 35-39 years old 88.3 86.9 1.4 40-44 years old 86.7 84.7 45-49 years old 80.4 76.3 4.2 50-54 years old 62.7 54.9 77.8 55-59 years old 48./ 24.611.712.8 65 years old and above 7.7 5.0 2.7
2. The employed population is mainly concentrated in the manufacturing industry, and the education level is obviously different.
The employed population refers to 16 years old and above who have the ability to work, engage in certain social labor and obtain labor remuneration or operating income. Sampling survey data show that the employment structure of permanent residents in Xiamen in 2008 was basically the same as that of the previous year, and the employed population was mainly concentrated in manufacturing, wholesale and retail. The manufacturing industry accounts for 37.2% of the total number of employees, and the wholesale and retail industry accounts for 15.7%. These two industries accommodate more than 50% of the employed population in the city. Judging from the education level of the employed population, due to the different factors of production in various industries, there are obvious differences in the cultural quality of the employed population. Among them, there are four industries with college education or above accounting for more than 60% of the employed population, namely: information transmission, computer services and software industry 66.4%, education 64.7%, scientific research, technical services and geological exploration 63.3%, and financial industry 63.2%; There are three industries with college education or above accounting for less than 10% of the employed population, namely accommodation and catering, residential services and other service industries, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.
3. The average working hours of the employed population are shortened, and the signing rate of employee labor contracts is increased.
According to the sample survey data, the average working hours of the employed population in Xiamen in the survey week of 2008 were 49.57 hours, which was 1.5 hours less than the same period of last year. By industry, the average working time of employees in accommodation and catering industry is the longest, which is 55.97 hours. Other industries in which the average working hours of the employed population are higher than the city average are: wholesale and retail 54. 1 1 hour, construction 5 1.2 hours, transportation, warehousing and postal service 50.74 hours, residents' service and other services 49.97 hours, and manufacturing 49.68 hours. Employees working in service-oriented industries and labor-intensive industries generally work longer hours.
Signing a labor contract according to law is the basic guarantee to clarify the rights and obligations of both workers and protect their legitimate rights and interests. The Labor Contract Law came into effect on June 5438+1 October1day, 2008, which played a positive role in standardizing the employment behavior of enterprises and building a harmonious and stable labor relationship, and the signing rate of labor contracts in the city was further improved. According to the data of sampling survey, in 2008, the signing rate of employment contracts in the whole city was 64.7%, which was 1.7 percentage points higher than that in 2007.
4. The proportion of unemployed people has increased, and the average unemployment time has been shortened.
Unemployed population refers to 16 years old and above who have the ability to work, have no job during the investigation, have the will to work and are looking for a job. Sampling survey data show that in 2008, the proportion of unemployed people among the economically active population in Xiamen increased by 1 percentage point over the previous year. The increase in the proportion of unemployed people is the result of the new economically active population not finding jobs in time in 2008 and the decline in the demand for employment in enterprises during the international financial crisis. However, with the gradual change of employment environment and employment consciousness, the unemployed have adjusted their job requirements and shortened their unemployment time. In 2008, the average unemployed time in Xiamen was 15.35 months, which was significantly shorter than the previous year's 18.24 months, with a decrease of 2.89 months.
Second, the problems in employment.
1, employment pressure increases. At present, the employment situation in Xiamen is faced with the situation of "three peaks superposition" of laid-off and reemployment, urban new labor employment and rural surplus labor transfer employment. The labor force participation rate is increasing year by year, and the size of the economically active population is expanding. On the other hand, the international financial crisis swept the world, which inevitably affected the economic construction of Xiamen, a highly export-oriented city. The slowdown in economic development and the decline in the demand for employment in enterprises have led to a decrease in the number of jobs, an increase in the unemployment risk of workers and an increase in the proportion of unemployed people. Therefore, the negative impact of the financial crisis on Xiamen's employment is gradually emerging, and the employment situation is grim.
2. There is a structural contradiction between labor supply and demand. Sampling survey data show that the education level of the unemployed population is generally low, and the proportion of the population with junior high school education or below is more than half, reaching 53.6%. These people can't find suitable jobs because of their low education and lack of vocational skills. On the other hand, there is a shortage of skilled workers and skilled workers, and the phenomenon that enterprises cannot recruit qualified technicians is also widespread. The contradiction between workers' skill quality and job demand is widespread.
3. It is difficult for college students to find jobs and start fewer businesses. According to the data of the education department, the number of college graduates in Xiamen in 2008 was 2 1938, an increase of 3,574 over the previous year, with an increase of 19.5%. Due to the expansion of university enrollment in recent years, the number of college graduates will further increase in 2009. Facing the employment peak of college graduates, the employment pressure of college students is outstanding. Sample survey data show that 7% of the unemployed people in this city are between 20 and 24 years old and have never worked after graduation. A large part of this kind of unemployed people are college graduates, who have not found suitable jobs after graduation and are unemployed at home. Judging from the employment situation of employed people with college education or above, 93.3% are employees, 3.6% are employers, 2.6% are self-employed people and 0.5% are domestic helpers. Only 6.2% of college students choose to start their own businesses after graduation, and the ratio of self-employment to employment is 1: 15. College students' employment concept needs to be further changed.
4. Lack of labor contracts for migrant workers. According to the data of sampling survey, the signing rate of workers' labor contracts in agricultural registered permanent residence is 57.8%, which is 6.9 percentage points lower than the signing rate of 64.7% in the whole city. The labor contract signing rate of employees in agricultural registered permanent residence is low. Most employees who have not signed labor contracts are agricultural registered permanent residence. The lack of labor contract makes it difficult for migrant workers' legitimate rights and interests as workers to be protected by law.
5. The role of professional intermediary needs to be improved. Sampling survey data show that the main way for unemployed people to find jobs is to entrust relatives and friends, accounting for 44.4%. The proportion of other ways to find a job is: 16.8% through employment agencies, 9.4% attending job fairs, 7.7% responding to job advertisements, and 7.0% preparing to start their own businesses (see figure 1). There is still much room for expansion in the role played by the labor market and employment agencies in the employment of the unemployed.
Third, some suggestions.
1. Stimulate employment through development and expand employment potential. Studies have shown that every percentage point increase in national GDP will create 600,000-700,000 jobs, so we should first focus on economic development and employment promotion. Adhere to the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, closely implement measures to expand domestic demand and ensure growth, and actively respond to the international financial crisis; Combine promoting economic growth with adjusting economic structure, vigorously develop modern service industry, and form a new pattern of all-round development of service industry with high-tech industry as the guide and basic industry and manufacturing industry as the support. Expand the employment potential while making Xiamen's economy bigger and stronger, and form a benign interaction between economic development and employment expansion.
2. Strengthen vocational skills training and improve the employment structure. Actively carrying out employment training is an effective means to improve the overall quality of workers and promote employment. Therefore, according to the direction and demand of industrial development, we should carry out targeted vocational training to improve the quality of workers, enhance vocational skills, ease the contradiction between supply and demand of labor, and reduce structural unemployment.
3. Do a good job in employment guidance for college students and encourage self-employment. Under the situation of financial crisis, to alleviate the employment pressure of college graduates and solve the problem of "adventure island" for some college students, we should do the following three things well: First, strengthen the employment guidance for college students in a targeted manner and provide comprehensive and effective employment information for their employment. The second is to broaden the employment field of college students and attract them to various small and medium-sized enterprises, private enterprises, township enterprises and communities for extensive employment through various preferential policies. The third is to create an environment suitable for college students to start businesses, encourage capable college students to start businesses, and promote employment through entrepreneurship.
4. Strengthen legal publicity and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers. Conscientiously implement the "Labor Contract Law", while strengthening labor law enforcement supervision, labor dispute adjustment and arbitration, we should also increase legal publicity for enterprises with concentrated migrant workers, enhance migrant workers' legal concept and awareness of safeguarding rights, improve the signing rate of migrant workers' labor contracts, and promote legal employment.
5, improve the labor market construction, strengthen the employment service function. Further strengthen the informatization construction of the labor market, standardize the labor information release system, and establish a good information release mechanism. Strengthen the government's public service function of promoting employment, and make overall plans to provide employment services for various groups such as stable employment of enterprise employees, employment of college graduates, re-employment of unemployed people, floating employment of migrant workers, and resettlement of retired soldiers, so as to realize the rational allocation of labor resources.