Due to the contrast between the expansion speed of rural industry and the growth speed of rural labor force, the problem of surplus labor force is particularly prominent. According to the statistics of relevant departments, the rural surplus labor force in China has reached about 200 million at present. However, at present, laid-off workers or unemployed people in cities can at least get the minimum living security (or social assistance) from the government when they can't find a job, while once the rural surplus labor force can't find a job, it is difficult to guarantee even the most basic living expenses, and the difficulties in life can be imagined. Therefore, the way out of rural surplus labor force is not only a realistic problem that China will face for a long time to come, but also directly related to the stability of the whole countryside, the development of rural national economy and whether farmers can run a well-off life. In order to get rid of the predicament faced by the transfer of rural surplus labor force in China, according to the current actual situation in China, we must start from the following aspects:

First, it is a long-term strategic measure to reduce the labor supply and maintain and expand the cultivated land area.

The first is to reduce the supply of labor. The increase of labor force increases with the increase of population. First of all, we must effectively control the growth of rural population. One of the main reasons for the oversupply of rural labor force in China is that the population base is too large and the natural growth rate is too high caused by historical decision-making mistakes. It is impossible for us to correct the mistakes of historical decision-making and change the current situation that the population base is too large, but we can pay attention to the current family planning work and control the excessive population expansion to alleviate the problem of the continuous expansion of rural labor force. The second is to make the non-working-age population unemployed (mainly referring to child labor). According to experts' estimation, the proportion of non-working-age population participating in labor supply in China is equivalent to 10% of the total supply population. If these people can leave their jobs, they can learn one or two skills to meet the needs of society before they get employed. On the one hand, they can reduce the number of surplus labor, on the other hand, they can improve the basic quality and competitiveness of workers.

The second is to maintain and expand the cultivated land area. Cultivated land is the lifeblood of farmers. As the main means of production in agriculture, cultivated land is irreplaceable. To maintain and expand the cultivated land area, we should start from three aspects: first, raise the awareness of saving land and protecting land resources. To make every citizen understand the value of land, people are required to occupy less land, whether it is urban construction, industrial and mining construction, agricultural capital construction, rural housing construction or other capital construction. Secondly, we should make full use of economic, administrative and legal means to strengthen the management of land resources. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the quality of land resources and gradually improve the ecological environment so that the existing land resources will not be destroyed.

Second, opening up production channels, expanding employment space and opening up multi-channel transfer channels are the main outlets for rural surplus labor in China.

First, adjust the rural industrial structure and accelerate the transfer of rural surplus labor within agriculture. Agriculture includes planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. The transfer of agricultural surplus labor within agriculture is actually the transfer of planting labor to forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. According to the figures provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, from a realistic point of view, China has a very broad world of internal employment in agriculture. At present, the prospect of agricultural resources to be developed in China is very considerable. Two-thirds of the cultivated land belongs to low-yield fields that need to be transformed, and there are also 500 million mu of wasteland suitable for development, 65.438+0.8 billion mu of barren slopes suitable for forest and grass, 20 million mu of tidal flats and 30 million mu of arable fresh water. If 654.38+0.3 of these resources are effectively developed, tens of millions of labor can be absorbed. If we further improve the deep processing of agricultural and sideline products and realize intensive management in rural areas, we can absorb more labor. Therefore, in agricultural development, it is necessary to comprehensively develop and utilize cultivated land, water surface and space resources, and develop capital, technology and labor-intensive and efficient agriculture; In terms of investment policy, it is necessary to further strengthen government support, increase investment in comprehensive agricultural development, and implement comprehensive support of science and technology, funds, materials and policies; In terms of tax policy, we should give preferential treatment to developing agriculture. Through comprehensive agricultural development, fully tap the employment potential within agriculture.

The second is to vigorously develop township private enterprises and realize the transfer of rural surplus labor within the countryside. The transfer of rural surplus labor in rural areas is the transfer of labor liberated from agricultural production to non-agricultural industries such as industry and commerce. First of all, we should continue to vigorously develop township private enterprises. After the reform and opening up, due to the rapid development of township enterprises, by 1994, township enterprises had absorbed1200,000 rural surplus labor. However, since the mid-1990s, most township enterprises have been transformed into private enterprises. Judging from the present situation of rural resources in China and the development potential of township private enterprises, township private enterprises are still the main channel for transferring rural surplus labor and the potential for absorbing rural surplus labor. Therefore, in view of the current trend that township private enterprises in the southeast coastal areas are becoming capital-intensive and their ability to absorb labor force is relatively declining, we should make use of the situation to promote some township private enterprises to improve their level, grade and scale, expand their development space and fields, and absorb more rural surplus labor force. At the same time, promote the development of township private enterprises in the central and western regions, that is, from the southeast coast to the central and western regions with vast territory and rich resources. With the great development of township private enterprises, their ability to absorb rural surplus labor will be enhanced. Secondly, we should vigorously develop the rural tertiary industry. The tertiary industry is a labor-intensive industry and an important field for transferring rural surplus labor. The experience of foreign labor transfer shows that in the early stage of industrial development, it is mainly industry that absorbs rural surplus labor, while in the later stage, it is mainly the tertiary industry that absorbs rural surplus labor. Therefore, generally speaking, only the great development of industrialization, industry and tertiary industry can provide more employment opportunities for rural surplus labor force. However, the development of the tertiary industry in China is relatively backward at present. One of the important reasons is that the regional distribution of township private enterprises is relatively scattered, which can not play the agglomeration effect of non-agricultural industries and promote the rise of the tertiary industry. In view of this situation, we must implement the principle of rational distribution and relative concentration, promote the contiguous development of township private enterprises and the proper concentration of processing industries, thus promoting the development of the tertiary industry and providing a large number of employment opportunities for rural surplus labor.

The third is to speed up the process of rural urbanization and promote the transfer of rural surplus labor to cities and towns. The rural population is decreasing, the urban population is increasing, the labor force in the primary industry is decreasing, and the labor force in the secondary and tertiary industries is increasing. This is the universal law of economic development. Therefore, the transfer of rural surplus labor to cities is objective and inevitable. First of all, it is necessary to speed up the construction of small towns and make the rural labor force transfer to small towns more quickly. Developing small towns is not only the only way for China's modernization, but also an important place for rural labor transfer in the future. Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, small towns have absorbed more than 30 million rural laborers for employment. The development of urban construction has great potential for absorbing rural surplus labor, because small towns have their own advantages: First, less investment. According to the relevant data, each labor force in large and medium-sized cities needs to invest 1.2 million yuan, and small towns only need 4000 yuan. Second, small towns are closer to the countryside, and farmers stay at home, which can not only reduce the costs and risks in the process of transfer, but also make full use of the resource advantages of existing industries in rural areas. This transfer mode is more in line with China's national conditions. Secondly, it is necessary to transfer to large and medium-sized cities in a safe and orderly manner. China's large and medium-sized cities have strong economic strength, and the material conditions for absorbing rural surplus labor are better than those in rural areas. In addition, at present, some urban residents are unwilling to work in the urban tertiary industry. With the economic development and industrial structure adjustment in the future, the urban tertiary industry will be vigorously developed, and its development potential is still great. Therefore, in various ways to transfer rural surplus labor, the channels in large and medium-sized cities cannot be completely blocked. Third, vigorously develop the export of foreign labor services. That is to say, under the premise of abiding by the laws of China and the exporting countries, we can realize the export of labor services in various forms, channels, levels and aspects to alleviate the domestic employment pressure.

Third, strengthen macro-control and guide the rational flow of rural surplus labor.

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, with the deepening of China's economic system reform, the major adjustment of economic structure and the opening of the labor market, the long-term stagnation of rural labor force was gradually broken, and a large number of rural surplus labor force either transferred to non-agricultural sectors or flowed across regions, especially since the 1990s, the scale of rural labor force flow has expanded dramatically. According to the survey, in recent years, there are about 60 million migrant workers in rural areas every year, including more than 20 million people who move across provinces. For rural areas, this kind of mobility has turned rural surplus labor resources into wealth, which has effectively promoted China's economic development. However, due to the blindness of rural surplus labor flow, it has brought negative consequences to China's traffic, social order, urban public security and family planning. In this regard, first, we must strengthen and improve the government's macro-control, establish a corresponding macro-control system, and reduce the blind flow of rural surplus labor. The second is to establish and improve the employment service system, that is, to develop and cultivate various forms of employment intermediary service organizations, and gradually form a socialized employment service system including information, consulting career introduction and training. Adhere to the direction of market-oriented allocation of labor resources, gradually form a unified, open and competitive labor market in urban and rural areas, and realize the orderly flow of rural labor.

Fourth, vigorously develop rural education and improve the quality of rural workers. Gongwen 123.com is free of charge.

Labor quality plays a very important role in the speed and scale of rural labor transfer. Practice has proved that the higher the quality of workers, the less difficult and more stable the transfer of rural surplus labor. On the contrary, the worse the quality of the labor force, the narrower the available employment space, and the more difficult and unstable the transfer is. However, improving the quality of rural labor force is a long-term process. Under the current situation, in addition to effectively implementing the basic national policy of popularizing rural compulsory education and basic education and eliminating new illiteracy, we must also strengthen the vocational and technical training of rural labor force and build a new mechanism suitable for the employment of agricultural labor force. On the one hand, according to the actual situation in rural areas, some young rural laborers with cultural foundation should be trained in modern agricultural science and technology knowledge and vocational skills by stages through various training courses; On the other hand, labor courses can be widely set up in the senior grades of rural primary schools, labor practice bases can be established, and the basic knowledge of modern agriculture can be taught in combination with the characteristics of natural courses in primary schools to cultivate a new generation of high-quality migrant workers.