First, farmers who carry out ecological chicken raising should choose suitable grazing sites and build multiple henhouses, with the distance between henhouses above 100 meters; Each henhouse covers an area of 30 ~ 40 square meters, and each henhouse can raise 400 ~ 500 chickens, which is convenient for small groups to feed at reasonable intervals and in turn.
Second, there are no more than 500 chickens in a shed. According to the biological characteristics of chickens, under normal grazing conditions, the radius of sheep around the henhouse is less than 200 meters. If the flock is too large, nothing will grow around the henhouse, resulting in soil erosion and ecological deterioration, while chickens with grass and insects far away from the henhouse will not be fed, resulting in a waste of resources. According to the conditions of grassland, the scale of ecological chicken raising should not exceed 500, which is conducive to protecting the ecological environment and reducing the environmental pollution caused by chicken raising.
Third, there is no more than 50 acres of land. In the case of non-artificial grassland, natural feed resources are limited. In order to maintain the ecological environment, it is necessary to ensure that chickens can eat a certain amount of grass and insects, so as to save feed and improve the flavor and quality of meat and egg products. The index of no more than 50 chickens per mu is set according to the carrying capacity of the pasture where chickens graze, which is also close to the feeding density of more than 60 chickens per mu required by the European Union for free range chicken. Fourth, the age of the chicken is about 300 days.
Key points of production management of ecological chicken raising
The three major production units are mainly families: ecological chicken raising should not be carried out in large groups, but must be carried out in small groups. As a basic production unit, family can make full use of existing natural resources, which is convenient for organizing production and feeding management. According to the conditions of grazing land, a family can get rich by raising a few sheds of chickens and 2000 ~ 3000 chickens.
The main breeding varieties are native chickens: First, native chickens usually have low breeding degree, strong disease resistance, rough feeding tolerance and strong foraging ability. Native chicken has a natural relationship with woodland, so native chicken is more suitable for relatively extensive production methods. Second, the products of ecological chicken raising are recognized as high-end poultry products at home and abroad. In the eyes of China people, high-end poultry products must have the characteristics of native chicken, that is, the shape and appearance of chicken are the same as that of native chicken, the eggs produced are small, the Roche color of yolk is above 10, the protein is thick, the yolk is tough, and the eggshell is dense and light brown or green. Usually, the production mode of raising chickens determines the product quality, but in China, it is necessary to add specific varieties, which is the biggest difference between ecological chicken raising in China and ecological chicken raising abroad.
Grazing is the main feeding method: first of all, as a high-end poultry product, chickens must be fed with natural feed such as grass and insects, which is similar to organic production, that is, chickens can eat whatever they want and live happily. There are no artificial restrictions on the feeding of chickens, and chickens can supplement nutrition according to their physiological needs, which changes the situation that chickens are forced to eat according to people's wishes under the condition of house feeding, and makes the quality of products in free range chicken better than that of house feeding. Secondly, grazing can make use of natural feed resources, save a lot of feed, reduce the cost of raising chickens and improve the efficiency of raising chickens. Under the conditions of pasture and insects, taking jianghan chicken as an example, under the condition of house feeding, each animal consumes 85 grams of feed every day, and under the condition of grazing supplementary feeding, it generally supplements about 70 grams of feed every day, saving about 20% of feed.
Three combinations: the combination of planting and breeding: the combination of ecological chicken raising with orchard, woodland, tea garden and cash crop farmland not only solves the fertilizer needed for planting, but also avoids the pollution of chicken raising to the environment and improves the utilization efficiency of land resources. Therefore, the implementation of complementary breeding can reduce investment and increase income.
The production of native chicken is combined with the production of native chicken eggs: native chicken, as a dual-purpose variety of meat and eggs, can be used to raise mixed flocks of male and female chickens. Roosters are listed at the age of 1 10, and hens are listed at the age of about 300 days; The second is to keep hens for about 300 days. These two methods give consideration to the egg performance and meat performance of native chickens, and achieve the best benefits of giving consideration to both meat and eggs.
Farmers' production is combined with cooperative management, that is, farmers mainly focus on breeding, while cooperatives mainly focus on brooding, feed processing, brand building and product marketing. Both of them give full play to their respective advantages, which not only plays the leading role of cooperative organizations, but also avoids the small and comprehensive production and operation of farmers, which is conducive to brand building and making the industry bigger and stronger.
Three considerations: centralized brooding and decentralized rearing: focusing on leading enterprises or professional cooperatives, centralized brooding of native chickens will be carried out, and chickens will be raised to the age of 60 days, and then dispersed to farmers after their adaptability and disease resistance are improved, so as to avoid problems caused by the failure of brooding technology, such as few brooding batches, many brooding batches, simple brooding facilities, low facility utilization rate and low brooding survival rate. When chickens are raised to the age of 60 days in a centralized way, they are scattered to farmers' fields for grazing and feeding, and most of the main immunization procedures have been implemented, so the survival rate of chickens is high.
Taking both grass planting and rotational grazing into consideration: in orchards, tea gardens, economic woodlands, barren hills, grasslands, etc. Because the natural forage resources are relatively limited, it is difficult to meet the feeding needs of chickens, so it is necessary to plant grass artificially. There is grass in the pasture, and insects naturally increase, which can provide a lot of green feed and protein feed for chickens. Because of the frequent activities of chickens, it is easy to form wasteland around the henhouse where ecological chickens are raised. In the case of sufficient pasture, more henhouses can be built and raised in batches in turn, so that pasture vegetation and insects have a chance to recuperate and realize the sustainable development of ecological chicken raising.
Pay equal attention to brand building and product certification: brand is the carrier to maintain product quality and reputation. At present, there is no unified certification standard for ecological chicken raising in China. At present, eggs and chickens in China are divided into house feeding, cage breeding and ecological farming. Brand is an important form of production mode and product quality assurance. Usually, as an ecological grazing chicken, under the condition of monitoring the inputs, we can work hard towards the direction of green food and organic food certification. Brand creation should be based on unified varieties, unified production technical regulations, unified material supply, unified product quality and unified product marketing, and intensify brand promotion.
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