Achievements and contributions of China's Antarctic surveying and mapping scientific investigation for 22 years
In the past 22 years, under the leadership and strong support of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, and under the direct guidance of the Polar Office of the State Oceanic Administration, the China Antarctic Surveying and Mapping Research Center (the key laboratory of polar surveying and mapping science of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping was established in June 5438 +2005 10) provided surveying and mapping support for the scientific investigation of the South and North Poles in China. Using 3S technologies (GPS- Global Positioning System, RS- satellite remote sensing technology, GIS- Geographic Information System) and their integration, the dynamics of Antarctic sphere was studied, the environmental changes of polar ice sheet and glacier movement were monitored, the sea level changes were studied, and the polar spatial information and polar exploration management information service platform was built on China Internet. We have applied technological innovation to break through the difficult problems in polar geological research, creatively explored the unique polar surveying and mapping technology system and mapping approaches that are in line with China's national conditions, and opened up a new research field of the North and South poles for China's surveying and mapping science. A number of achievements have been made, which have filled the gaps in domestic related research fields and reached the international advanced level. The coverage of Antarctic map and the naming of China place names are of great significance for the country to safeguard the national Antarctic rights and interests.
First, it has opened up a new research field of North and South Poles for China's surveying and mapping science.
From 65438 to 0984, he participated in the first Antarctic expedition in China and undertook the research of key projects of polar surveying and mapping scientific investigation in China for 22 years. The natural environment at the poles of the earth is extremely harsh, and every "first" expedition is highly dangerous, the hardest and the most difficult. Of the 22 scientific expeditions to South and North Pole sent by China, only four were "firsts", namely 1984 Great Wall Station established by China's first Antarctic expedition, 1988 Zhongshan Station established by China's first Antarctic expedition, 1999 China's first Arctic scientific expedition and China's first Arctic expedition in 2004. The surveying and mapping discipline successfully completed the "four firsts" of surveying and mapping support, and three people were awarded the second-class merit of polar exploration and station building by the National Antarctic Survey Committee.
In the past 22 years, from scratch, in the absence of polar surveying and mapping in China, the geodetic origin, height system and complete surveying and mapping datum of southwest and southeast poles in China have been established. At the same time, three GPS satellite tracking stations, namely, Antarctic Great Wall Station, Antarctic Zhongshan Station and Arctic Yellow River Station, which are independent outside China and beneficial to the development and application of space technology in China, have been built. We have explored a complete technical system adapted to the special natural environment of the earth's poles, carried out research on Antarctic geodynamics, polar gravity field, polar ice and snow environment change and material balance, and sea level change in the Southern Ocean, built a polar Internet GIS service platform, and implemented basic surveying and mapping support, which opened up a new polar research field of surveying and mapping and remote sensing information engineering science in China and filled the gaps in related research fields in the world.
199 1 year, with the joint approval of the National Antarctic Survey Committee and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, the China Antarctic Surveying and Mapping Research Center (hereinafter referred to as the Center) was established. 1 person served as the permanent representative of the International Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) in China in1year, and carried out many projects with Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Germany.
The center also undertook the determination of China's first Antarctic map-topographic map of Great Wall Station, the naming of China's first Antarctic place name-Great Wall Bay, and the national surveying and mapping mark was set in the North Pole for geodetic survey.
In the past 22 years, the center has completed the first scientific survey of Antarctic surveying and mapping in China, modern Antarctic crustal movement and remote sensing mapping, small-image aerial photogrammetry of Lassman hills, Antarctic ice appearance environment change and sea level change and Antarctic dynamic geodesy research, Antarctic surveying and mapping and remote sensing application research, China's first Arctic scientific survey research, and Antarctic geographic information acquisition and its dynamic process research. Key projects such as basic surveying and mapping, establishment of Arctic satellite tracking station and dynamic spatial information system in China's Antarctic exploration area, among which 1989 won the second prize of national scientific and technological progress, the first prize of He Li's earth scientific and technological progress in 2002, and the first prize of provincial and ministerial level.
Two, the application of technological innovation, breakthrough in polar geoscience research problems, and achieved international advanced level results.
1. In order to solve the urgent demand for ice maps in China's inaccessible areas in Antarctica, we organized scientific and technical personnel in the center to tackle key technical problems, broke through the problem of digital mapping of satellite images without ground control points, found out the correlation between satellite remote sensing ice and snow radiation intensity information and altitude, established an elevation inversion model, and drew an Antarctic ice topographic map that was difficult to reach manually indoors. This innovative theory and method is the first time in Antarctic research.
2. In the study of modern Antarctic crustal movement, as early as 1986, the first Antarctic scientific research station in China, Great Wall Station, was just established, which was earlier than the Antarctic exploration in other countries at that time. In the polar natural environment, surveying and mapping creatively used the technology of combining ground and satellite to establish the first deformation network to monitor the movement of Antarctic crustal faults in king george island. Since 1996, China has participated in the observation of the Antarctic campaign by GPS, a large satellite organized by international organizations to monitor the movement of the Antarctic plate, which has made China rank among the international advanced in the study of Antarctic geodynamics and achieved internationally advanced results in the study of crustal dynamic processes at Great Wall Station and Zhongshan Station in China.
3. In the research of Antarctic GIS, 1998 established China Antarctic Internet service system, which attracted the attention of the International Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). In 2000, the International Conference on king george island Geographic Information System was held in Wuhan to promote the advanced achievements of China. In 2004, the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research held an international seminar on Antarctic Geographic Information System in Wuhan University. So far, SCAR has held three international seminars on Antarctic Geographic Information System, two of which were held in Wuhan, which won international honor for polar mapping in China.
4. During China's first scientific expedition to the Arctic Ocean, the precise dynamic change process of ice floes in the Arctic Ocean was studied by differential GPS technology, and the absolute gravity measurement experiment was successfully carried out on the ice surface of the Arctic Ocean for the first time, which filled the gap in international related fields.
3. Explore creatively the unique polar surveying and mapping methods in line with China's national conditions.
1. In the case that China can't spend a lot of money to realize aerial photogrammetry mapping in the Antarctic area by conventional methods, in order to ensure that the national multidisciplinary investigation is in urgent need of maps, the center creatively designed a technical scheme, taking helicopters as the launching platform, using ordinary non-metric 120 cameras for aerial photography and ground lofting control, which lasted for three Antarctic summer inspection times, overcoming the hardships of the Antarctic environment and only spending a small amount of money. Successfully mapped the first set of large-scale topographic maps of the international Rasman Hill in Antarctica, explored the aerial mapping method of small images in the exposed area of Antarctica, and solved the topographic map problem needed for the East Antarctic scientific research. This achievement has been appraised by experts as a pioneering Antarctic surveying and mapping method with China characteristics, which has saved the country a huge sum of money.
2. In order to obtain internationally influential scientific research results, China organized a multidisciplinary comprehensive investigation team for the first time to sprint to the alpine region of Grove Mountain, an inland ice sheet in the East Pole, which is called the forbidden area of life. The center organized a research group, braved the danger of ice cracks, and adopted DGPS advanced technology to measure 14000 GPS points in the field with high precision, and successfully drew the world's first 1:60 on the Antarctic inland ice sheet plateau.
3. During the implementation of the international ITASE China Plan, the center undertook the navigation task assigned by the state. In order to ensure that the inland ice sheet expedition team can enter the deep ice sheet area that humans have not reached under the complicated meteorological and natural environment in Antarctica, it can definitely return safely. After repeated research, it uses the technology of combining satellite positioning and radar orientation to explore a set of navigation methods, which ensures the safety and reliability of the scientific research team. China's inland dangerous areas have been successfully inspected for many times, and the elevation data of Zhongshan Station to DOME-A 1300km section used to study the material balance of Antarctic ice sheet have been obtained internationally, which has created a precedent for international Antarctic research on areas that have never been reached by human beings and filled a gap.
4. The coverage of Antarctic map and the naming of place names in China have filled the historical gap in China and safeguarded the rights and interests of the country.
Antarctica has a land area of 6.5438+0.4 million square kilometers and has territorial claims internationally. Over the past 22 years, surveying and mapping has covered an area of nearly 200,000 square kilometers in Antarctica. Various maps symbolize the national territory, and a large number of permanent surveying and mapping signs with spatial coordinates are buried in China. As the representative unit of China in the International SCAR Geodesy and Geographic Information Working Group, it is responsible for naming the Antarctic geographical names of China according to the requirements of the international SCAR guidelines. On all kinds of Antarctic maps undertaken by the Center, more than 300 China Antarctic geographical names have been recognized and published by the International Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, which not only fills the historical gap that there is no China named geographical names in Antarctica since ancient times, but also safeguards the country's rights and interests in Antarctica.
Fifth, cultivate the younger generation of polar scientific research and educate young people to advocate science and make outstanding contributions.
In the past 22 years, the "Center" has visited the two poles of the earth for more than 70 times, and cultivated a team spirit scientific research echelon backbone that is good at fighting and suitable for the polar regions. Residents and researchers of the Center have conducted nearly 500 polar expeditions and popular science reports all over the country, including Hong Kong and Taiwan provinces, with an audience of more than 300,000 people, and achieved good social benefits in educating young people to love the motherland and advocate science. The scientific research personnel of the Center have successively won the honorary titles of party member, Hubei Model Workers, Hubei Science and Technology Elite, Young and Middle-aged Experts with Outstanding Contributions, May 1st Labor Medal and National Advanced Worker.
New achievements and contributions of polar exploration and scientific research during the tenth five-year plan period
1. "Research on the application of 3s technology integration in polar ice environment and crustal dynamics" won the1prize of Hubei Science and Technology Progress in 2004. This achievement has been evaluated by experts as having the international leading level, which is mainly reflected in:
(1). It is the first in the world to apply spaceborne synthetic aperture radar interferometry to the study of Antarctic inland ice sheet, and successfully extract the distribution information of Lan Bing, ice cracks and glacier flow direction in Grove Mountain area by using radar images and coherent features. It has found an effective way for China to establish a digital elevation model of the ground, monitor the movement and deformation of the ice sheet and ensure the life safety of the scientific research team in the Antarctic high-risk ice sheet area.
(2) Using the spatial information obtained by various satellite sensors in different periods, the changes of two glaciers, D'Arc and Polar, which are inaccessible to humans in the southeast pole 17 years were recorded, and their inflow into the sea was announced for the first time in the world, which provided a theoretical basis for studying the environmental material balance in Antarctica.
2. "China's first scientific expedition to the Arctic" won the 2004 Ocean Innovation Achievement Award of the State Oceanic Administration 1. This project is a large-scale comprehensive polar exploration project directly hosted by the China Polar Exploration Office of the State Oceanic Administration.
3. The Complete Map of Antarctica won the second prize of excellent map works of China Surveying and Mapping Society (State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping) in 2004. This map (including electronic map) is the first comprehensive full-scale map used for scientific investigation. It is informative, intuitive and contemporary. In the Spring Festival of 2003, the National Polar Investigation Office gave this map to the State Council as a gift.
Second, it has made new contributions to the major scientific investigation activities in China's North and South Poles.
1, which has made great contributions to the successful discovery and determination of the highest point of the Antarctic ice sheet in China.
In the Antarctic summer of 2004/2005, during the important scientific investigation activity of "China Thirteen Warriors March into Antarctic Dome -A", which attracted great attention at home and abroad, the center sent doctoral student Zhang Shengkai to participate in the task of finding the highest point of Antarctic ice sheet. DOME-A is one of the four geographical features of Antarctica, which is most conducive to scientific investigation and can obtain international impact research results. Antarctica has four geographical features: the South Pole, the South Pole and the Earth's Cold Pole, which were occupied by the United States, France and Russia respectively, but the last geographical feature-the highest point of the ice sheet-is called the unreachable Antarctic Dome A, and no other country has ever reached it. Therefore, considering China's status as a great country in Antarctic research, China should seize this point at all costs, establish the third Antarctic scientific research station in DOME-A, and plan to carry out scientific research preparations in 2006. However, knowing that some European countries were also eyeing DOME-A, China decided to take the lead and sent 13 warriors to seize DOME-A in June 2005. Therefore, the country assigned the arduous task of navigating the route into DOME-A and finding the highest point of the Antarctic ice sheet to surveying and mapping.
DOME-A is a large ice-covered plateau. Because humans have not yet arrived in this area, which is very dangerous, and China can't help itself, the state stipulates that the stay time at the destination is also very short. This is a risky and arduous task, and nothing can go wrong. If you find the wrong direction, you can't reach the highest area, or the temperature is extremely low, and you can't measure the highest point at all. This will not only cause huge economic losses to the country, but also affect its international reputation. Therefore, the "Center" organized scientific researchers to consult a large number of international data, established a variety of digital models (DEM) for ice sheet ground elevation test, and made a number of schemes after repeated research and analysis. According to the technical implementation system of Antarctic exploration in the past 22 years, based on the perennial satellite tracking station established in Zhongshan Station, it is decided to adopt the ground method, use DGPS technology, the snowmobiles radiate and flow from the center of the base camp, and take thermal insulation measures to quickly delineate the area on the spot. With the help of the warriors, Dr. Zhang Shengkai carried forward the spirit of not being afraid of suffering and death in the forbidden area where life was extremely challenging. He overcame unimaginable hardships in the severe hypoxia and extreme natural environment on the plateau, completed the full-line navigation and the identification of the north and south highlands within the scheduled time of the country, and finally carried out thousands of satellite positioning within more than 70 square kilometers. Finally, under the waiting of the people of the whole country, the Antarctic ice sheet was successfully and accurately determined. 22' 00 ",77 east longitude? 21'11",at an altitude of 4093 meters. CCTV and Xinhua News Agency announced this achievement at home and abroad on June 5438+10/October 65438+August 2005. This is the first time that humans have measured the highest point of the Antarctic ice sheet that has never been reached before. At this point, the permanent surveying and mapping sign of China was erected, and the national flag of China flew for the first time. This valuable achievement not only laid the foundation for China to achieve the goal of building an ice sheet station, but also won the Antarctic rights and interests for the country, filled the gap in Antarctica for the international community and made new contributions to the country.
2. Participated in the establishment of China Arctic Yellow River Station, which opened up a new research field in the Arctic.
In 2004, the center sent E Chen Dong (65 years old, the oldest of the team members) and Ai Songtao (the youngest of the team members) as members of the first scientific research team to establish an Arctic station in China, and went to New Olsen in Svalbard, Arctic, to participate in the construction of the first scientific research station in China's Arctic-Yellow River Station. At the same time, in order to compare the geodynamics and environmental dynamics of the North and South poles systematically, the first perennial satellite GPS tracking station was built in the Arctic. On July 28th, 2004, the Yellow River Station was completed, and President Hu Jintao specially wrote a congratulatory letter.
The completion of the first GPS satellite tracking station in China Arctic laid the foundation for China to participate in international cooperation in Arctic related fields.
Thirdly, the 2004 Wuhan Southeast Pole GIS International Symposium was successfully held.
As the China Antarctic Surveying and Mapping Research Center is an international advanced sailor in building China's polar network GIS, the International Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) held the first international symposium on Antarctic Geographic Information System in Wuhan in 2000 to promote China's experience. In May, 2004, entrusted by SCAR, the "East Pole Geographic Information System Seminar" (04GIS) was successfully held in Wuhan University, attended by representatives from 9 countries including the United States, Germany and Italy. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research has held three international conferences on Antarctic Geographic Information System. In addition to one time in Germany, he was twice detained by the center in Wuhan. Two international GIS conferences were held in the same place, which enhanced China's international status in the Antarctic field and expanded its international influence.