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Concise French self-study notes
Le? Onong
text
Be quiet. -Who are you?
This is Pascal. -This is Pascal.
what's up -Where is he?
Ileste Calais. -He's in Calais.
Pronunciation rules:
1. In special interrogative sentences, the stress should be on the interrogative words. Such as qui, o' u
2. Calais Island. [Il-Z-Ta-Kaerz]
Joint recitation: In the same rhythm group, if the last word is a consonant that was originally silent and the last word begins with a vowel, then the previous consonant should be pronounced and combined with the following syllables to form a syllable. Such as: Oùest-il? Lester Calais.
Legato: In the French stream, as long as there is no pause, the sounds will be linked together and cannot be read. Like IlestàCalais.
3. [P] [T] [K] is an unvoiced consonant, which does not vibrate when pronounced, but does not exhale before vowels (similar to "B, D, G" in Chinese Pinyin), and exhales at the end of closed syllables and before another consonant. Like Pascal.
Le? Ondu
text
Is Philip here? -Is that Philip?
Yes, this is Philip. -Yes, I'm Philip.
Quefait-il？ -What does he do?
Ilestech. -He's a researcher.
What do you mean? -Is this Fanny?
Oui is fanny. -Yes, I'm Fanny.
Quefett-El? -What does she do?
Elleestjournalist。 -She's a reporter.
Grammar:
1, est-ceque is a fixed phrases, which is placed in front of a declarative sentence to form a question. Est-ceque ++ subject+predicate+other components
Fannyestjournaliste。 Fanny is a reporter.
est-cequefannyesjournalist？ Is Fanny a reporter?
Note: (1) The components after est-ceque should not be inverted. Nor can you form interrogative words directly in advance like English. Such as: EstFannyjournaliste? (×)
(2) Don't say est-ceque+il (s)/elle (s), say est-cequ'il(s)/est-cequ'elle(s).
2. There is no article before the noun indicating occupation and status. Ilestech. He is a researcher.
Pronunciation rules:
In interrogative sentences with Est-ceque, the highest point of intonation is on que, or the intonation gradually rises.
Le? onTrois
text
Est-cequeRenéestavocat？ Rene is a lawyer?
Yes, Ilestavocat. -Yes, he's a lawyer.
o habite-t-il？ -Where does he live?
The habit of Paris. -He lives in Paris.
Est-cequemoniqueesté economist? -Is monique an economist?
Yes, Elliot economist. Yes, she is an economist.
o habite-t-elle？ -Where does she live?
She lives in Rome. -She lives in Rome.
Pronunciation rules:
1, the letter h is never pronounced in words, such as Nathalienatali and habiteabit. But when h is at the beginning of a word, there are two situations:
(1) Mute h(hmuet) should be associated with the previous sound, such as Ilhabitei-la-bit, Uneherery-noe: r.
(2) Hush cannot be combined with the previous words, such as lehérosl[-ero, unehaineyn-Zn. In the dictionary, words that begin with hiss H are marked with *.
2. the letter h has only f in ch. For example, chef, chercheur
Grammar:
1，Ilestavocat。 Note that Ilest is linked reading and estavocat is linked reading.
Ellehabiteà Bern. Ellehabite can be connected or not.
2. In the third person singular inversion problem, if the verb ends with vowel letters E and A, the letter T should be added between the verb and pronoun, and the hyphen "-"should be added to facilitate pronunciation. For example:
o habite-t-il？
Ortera ville -t-elle? Where does she work?
o-va-t-il？ -Where is he going?
"T" is meaningless in itself, just as a supplement.
3、Oùhabite-t-il？ Verb inversion constitutes a question, which is equivalent to O ù est-cequ 'il habitat? Where does he live?
Practice translation:
Jacques is a postman. He lives in Calais.
Philip is a researcher. He lives in Beijing.
Le? Onquart
check against the authoritative text
LecamaradeWuFengestnotrechefdeclasse。
Le: the masculine singular definite article
chef declasse:monitor of class monitor of class
Pronunciation rules:
1, some monosyllabic words ending in vowels, such as: ce; Hey; ne； Music; La is often combined with the initial vowel of the next word to form a syllable, and the vowel of the previous word is omitted. The omitted vowels are replaced by ellipsis. For example:
Ce+est=c'est
Je+ai=J'ai
Si+il=S'il
2. Pronunciation of consonants at the end of words:
Consonant letters c, f, l and r are usually pronounced at the end of words. Such as sacsak, metal metal；; soirswB:r
Consonant letters d, s, t and x are generally not pronounced at the end of words. Such as: rebondfran? aissautheureux
Other consonants are generally not pronounced at the end of words, except for loanwords or specially spelled words. Such as: mais[mZ], tard[tB:r],
Film[film] (from English), fils[fis] (special spelling).
Spelling rules:
"on" is spelled "om" before "P" or "B". For example, comprendre However, there is one special thing: unbonbon.
En is spelled "em" before "p" or "b" Such as encorecamembert.
"an" is spelled "am" before "p" or "b" Like enfanttambour.
"in" is spelled "im" before "p" or "b" Like Tintintimbre.
Grammar:
Personal pronouns in French: je, tu (vous), il (elle), nous, vous, ils (elles).
1. In the third person singular, there are only IL-he and elle-she (there is no it it Chinese or English). In the third person plural, there are male plural ils form and female plural elles form. However, elles can only be used when all people are women. As long as there is only one male in a group, grammar is completely male-dominated, and the plural form ils of male must be adopted.
2. In French, the form of politeness is vous (you, you), which is used to address people who are not very familiar or important, so vous-es can mean that you (you) are or you mean two things.
Le? onCinq
text
what's up -What's this?
C 'estunstylo。 -This is a pen.
East-Lake Seck? Is this Charles' pen?
Yes, I mean. -.-Yes, this is Charles' pen.
what's up -What's this?
C 'estune jupe。 -This is a skirt.
est-cequec ' estlajupedegabrielle？ Is this Gabriel's skirt?
Yes, I mean. -.-Yes, this is Gabriel's skirt.
what's up -What's this?
Be quiet,please. -It's a flag.
Quelleestsacouleur？ -What color is it?
Hilst Rucci. -It's red.
French figures
Zero (0,0) un, une( 1, one) two (2,2) three (3,3) four (4,4)
cinq(5，5)six(6，6)sept(7，7)huit(8，8)neuf(9，9)
In French, only 1(un/une) has the difference between feminine and masculine, and other numbers have only one form.
The indefinite article un/une comes from the adjective number. The difference is that the plural form of numeral adjective un/une is deux, trois, quatre, cinq, six, etc., while the plural form of indefinite article un/une is des.
Vocabulary:
Unscented perfume (essence, strong perfume)
EaudeParfum perfume (common name)
Light perfume
eau de cologne
What does quel look like (affirmative question word)
What's quelle like (negative interrogative word)
Grammar:
1, noun
(1) French nouns, whether representative or representative, are divided into yin and yang. Nouns representing people and animals are generally divided by natural gender; But nouns that represent things are often valid. Such as: UNVélo；; Can't express it.
Generally speaking, nouns used for things are mostly feminine if they belong to diseases, festivals, specialized disciplines and abstract nouns ending in eur. Such as: Laguerie Pei flu; Labronchite bronchitis; La toussaint Halloween; Laval value; Trees, metallic chemicals, year, month, day, wind, direction, numbers, adjectives and infinitives used as nouns are mostly masculine. Such as: lecuivre copper, lelundi Monday, lehuit VIII, lerouge red (when nouns are used as adjectives to indicate colors).
(2) Nouns must be preceded by qualifiers, including articles, demonstrative adjectives, subjective adjectives, numerals, general adjectives and interrogative adjectives. Among them, the most commonly used are definite articles indicating definite reference and indefinite articles indicating general reference. The indefinite article un is used to modify singular positive countable nouns, while une modifies singular negative countable nouns. The definite article "le" modifies the masculine uncountable nouns and "la" modifies the feminine uncountable nouns. Therefore, when we remember words, we often see that some nouns are marked un/une and others are marked le/la.
(3) The determiners of nouns should be consistent with the nature and quantity of nouns, regardless of gender.
For example, lestylodeMarieLestylodeCharles (although there are men and women behind, the masculine definite article le should be used because the noun stylo is masculine).
Sonstylo his pen Sonstylo her pen (although the owner's gender is male and female, the noun stylo is masculine, so the possessor pronoun must use masculine son).
2. When adjectives indicating colors modify nouns, they must be placed behind nouns, and their yin and yang are consistent with the nouns they modify. For example, unejupejaune has a yellow skirt and a red flag.
3. Representing the ownership relationship.
"De" is placed between two nouns, indicating the possessive relationship between the two nouns, which is equivalent to "de" in Chinese and "de" in English, but the word order should be different. Like lestylodeCharles' pen (thepenofCharles)
Le? Lesson 6
text
Est-cequec'estunroman？ Is this a novel?
No, it's not. No, this is not a novel.
what's up What is this?
C'estunmanuel。 This is a textbook.
Est-cequecesontdeschaises？ Are these chairs?
No, cenesontpasdeschaises No, these aren't chairs.
what's up What are these?
Cesontdesbancs。 These are benches.
Grammar:
1. In French, nouns are singular and plural. When nouns become plural, articles should be changed accordingly. When singular nouns become plural, there are generally the following rules:
(1) When a noun becomes plural, a silent "s" is usually added after the singular noun.
Nouns ending in "s, x, z" are always plural. For example:
Rubis (Ruby)
walnut
Lenez (nose) Lenez
(3) For words ending in "eau, au", add the plural "x", such as:
Lebarto (ship)
Unnoyau (stone) desnoyaux
(4) Words ending in "al" become plural "aux", such as:
Animals (animals) lesanimaux
The news
There are some exceptions, and the s is added directly to the end of the word, such as:
Unbal (dance), uncarnaval (carnival), Unfertime (music unfestival), unégal (delicious), unécital (solo concert).
5] For words ending in "ail", add the plural "s", for example:
Leportail (gate)
Untie (a railway) railing.
There are nine exceptions. When it is plural, it becomes "aux", such as:
Unbail (lease), unvitra