Laid-off workers are a social phenomenon in the process of China's transition from planned economy to socialist market economy, and they are a concentrated reflection of the long-term accumulated contradictions in planned economy on the employment issue. At present, in our region, with the further deepening of the reform of state-owned and collective enterprises, the number of laid-off workers and the unemployment rate in the region have been on the rise. The situation of re-employment is grim, which has become a serious social problem affecting the development of work in the whole region, and is directly related to the economic development and prosperity and social peace and stability in the whole region. It has become an urgent task for us to correctly understand and deal with these problems. At present, we should take expanding employment as the priority goal of national economic and social development, take improving the entrepreneurial environment and increasing jobs as the important responsibilities of the party Committee and government, accelerate economic development, intensify structural adjustment, and do everything possible to expand employment. According to the decision of the central government and provinces and cities on the reemployment of laid-off workers, the goals to be achieved are defined, the existing problems are put forward, and the theory and experience for reference are provided.
First, the current situation of street re-employment work
(1) The number of laid-off workers has increased greatly, and the supply in the labor market exceeds demand. At present, a serious difficulty facing our region is the increase of laid-off workers and the increasing employment pressure. With the system transition, structural adjustment, and enterprise downsizing to increase efficiency, the substantial increase of laid-off workers and unemployment has become an irreversible fact. By the end of 2008, according to statistics, there were more than 50,000 employees and about 3,500 unemployed people in our district, most of whom came from state-owned and collective enterprises. Through the efforts of district leaders, 3,402 people were employed and re-employed, including 2 167 laid-off workers, and the registered urban unemployment rate was 3.9%. The situation will get worse next year. With the bankruptcy and reorganization of many factories, a large number of people will join the unemployed army. There will be no less than 1000 high school graduates, vocational college students and college graduates in our region next year. According to statistics, the "hidden" surplus staff and workers in public institutions are also above 20%. This part of the "hidden" surplus staff and workers will step into the ranks of laid-off workers with the reduction of staff and efficiency in government agencies and institutions, which is the seriousness of the problem.
(2) Re-employment is difficult. At present, the scale of the original state-owned collective enterprises in our region is difficult to expand, and the original posts are saturated. Some enterprises are in the state of changing production or even stopping production due to subjective and objective reasons, and they are in the state of discharging labor as a whole, and they simply do not have employment opportunities to absorb new labor. Therefore, from this year and next, the base number of laid-off and unemployed people in our region will be much higher than that of re-employed people, and the number of unemployed people will continue to expand.
(3) The disorder of laid-off workers is more prominent. At present, the laid-off behavior in our region is extremely disorderly, and there are policy factors, but more importantly, many leaders of enterprises and industries take the opportunity to throw off their burdens and pass them on to the society. Therefore, the government should intensify the reform, strengthen the macro-control of the enterprise employment system, effectively regulate the laid-off behavior, and turn disorder into order.
(4) Re-employment should be operated as a whole. At present, re-employment is not a temporary government action, it will become a long-term and arduous task, because the phenomenon of oversupply of labor resources in China will exist for a long time. Although the "Re-employment Service Center" has been established in our district, the competent departments of various industries and enterprises with laid-off workers have set up corresponding re-employment service institutions, which, together with the original labor service offices in towns and sub-district offices, have formed a re-employment network and played an active role. But on the whole, this work is not strong enough in unified command and coordinated operations. There is still a lack of communication and horizontal contact among towns, enterprises, streets and neighborhood committees, and work is a mere formality. In addition, through investigation, it is found that more than half of the unemployed people in our district find jobs not through the re-employment network, but mainly through the help of relatives and friends and other social relations. It can be seen that the role of the re-employment service network in our region has not really been brought into play. Therefore, strengthening the overall operation of re-employment has become the unanimous desire of unemployed workers who want to re-employment.
(5) The laid-off and re-employment policies are not well publicized. Many laid-off workers don't know the re-employment policy, the preferential policies they should enjoy, and how to go through various procedures.
"Two" Problems in Re-employment
(1) The training content and form are single. Judging from the existing situation, there are more short-term training and less long-term training; There is more primary training and less intermediate training. Many trainings are just a formality, and half a day is also a re-employment training. In terms of training content, many people just read documents, listen to reports, and connect with practical skills training, so they often can't master any skills after training. Some training institutions don't know what laid-off workers want to learn, but just enroll students as planned, and the types and courses of training don't meet the market demand. Many laid-off workers re-engage in new occupations outside the 360 line, such as delivering vegetables, sending emails, nursing, cleaning, small crafts, domestic service and so on. Not many training institutions offer such courses. There are still many laid-off workers who want to contract barren hills and wasteland in rural areas to develop aquaculture, but they dare not take this step easily because they have no agricultural skills and experience. How many laid-off workers developed in rural areas have been trained by re-employment training centers? They only pay attention to skill teaching, but ignore guidance and psychological education. Social psychologists have found that after unemployment, individuals will have various psychological obstacles, which will affect their participation in skills training, lead to blind job selection and easily lead to rapid unemployment again.
(2) Uncertain risk factors bring considerable difficulties to employment and re-employment. Under the condition of market economy, the market should play a fundamental role in the allocation of labor resources. Therefore, laid-off workers must also adhere to the principle of marketization and guide them to choose their own jobs, start their own businesses and achieve employment through the labor market. However, at present and for a long time to come, the labor market will still be in a situation of absolute oversupply, and most unemployed people lack the corresponding market employment competitiveness. Therefore, for most unemployed people, it will be quite difficult to realize re-employment only by the spontaneous adjustment of market mechanism.
(3) There is still a certain deviation between the employment concept of the unemployed and the employment concept of the employment enterprises. Some laid-off workers' concept of choosing jobs has not completely changed so far, and they are unwilling to do dirty work, hard work and wait on others. The relevant departments have held many job fairs for laid-off workers, and many unemployed people are picky about their size, resulting in no improvement in the successful signing rate of each job fair held in recent years. Of course, there are also great problems in employing enterprises. The employment concept of enterprises is very discriminatory, especially in gender discrimination, age discrimination, education discrimination, treatment discrimination and so on, which has a great impact on expanding the scale of re-employment.
The labor market is developing slowly. The government cannot afford the re-employment of the unemployed, nor should it. The market economy system requires the labor market and intermediary service organizations to develop and mature as soon as possible, and resettle the unemployed through the market-oriented re-employment mechanism to achieve re-employment. However, the development of intermediary services in the labor market in our region has been in an immature state. Its outstanding performance is the existing urban-rural division, regional division and departmental division. Fragmentation is more prominent, and market resources cannot be effectively integrated. How to cultivate and support employment agencies and intermediary service organizations is an important topic worthy of in-depth study and overall design.
(5) The special conditions or factors that lead to employment difficulties due to family reasons, some of whom can't engage in long-term stable jobs or stay away from their families for some reason, which undoubtedly becomes the difficulty for them to achieve employment.
Three. Countermeasures and suggestions for re-employment work
(1) Give full play to the government's function of promoting employment and establish and improve the market-oriented employment mechanism. Based on scientific vocational guidance, information network and public employment service, establish and improve the market-oriented employment mechanism. During the transition from planned economy to socialist market economy, the employment system and mechanism in China have undergone great changes. The state has changed the employment system under the planned economy system and gradually transitioned to market employment under the conditions of market economy. We will implement a new market employment mechanism in which the state promotes employment, the market regulates employment, and workers choose their own jobs. Perfect market-oriented employment mechanism mainly includes scientific career guidance, perfect information network and comprehensive public employment introduction service.
1, scientific vocational guidance and comprehensive public employment services. Vocational guidance refers to vocational intermediary institutions, consulting institutions or teaching and training institutions, which provide vocational consultation and guidance services for job seekers (or students) and employers. Help job seekers choose their jobs scientifically and help employers recruit people. Since the beginning of this year, our district has actively implemented the employment introduction and "one-stop" employment service policy to promote the reemployment of laid-off and unemployed people. Actively carry out re-employment assistance actions, and district employment service agencies actively promote "one-stop" services such as job registration, career guidance, job introduction, training application, file management and social insurance, which greatly facilitates the re-employment of laid-off and unemployed people. Up to now, 65 job fairs have been held, and a number of professional trainings such as microcomputer, car bumper and machinery manufacturing have been offered, which have introduced jobs to more than 900 laid-off workers. But generally speaking, the vocational guidance in our district is still at a low level. We should not only learn from the experience of advanced regions, but also base ourselves on the actual situation in this region. We think we should start from the following aspects:
(1) Grasp the law of rational development and utilization of labor force. Employment agencies should often analyze local labor resources, labor supply and demand and employment development trends. Collect and summarize employment information, use policy guidance and modern scientific means and methods to provide career counseling services for job seekers and employers.
(2) Career analysis according to social needs. Employment agencies should proceed from reality and analyze the nature, characteristics, development trends and requirements for the quality of workers of some representative local professional groups according to social needs. It is used to guide job seekers to understand the situation and requirements of social occupations and make them realize that under China's socialist system, various occupations only reflect the difference in division of labor, and there is no distinction between high and low. So as to establish a correct professional outlook and correctly handle the relationship between the state, the collective and the individual. Enhance their competitive awareness and entrepreneurial ability, and strive to make greater contributions to society.
(3) Help job seekers understand their own personality characteristics and suitable occupations. Employment agencies can use scientific means and methods to measure and evaluate the occupational character, ability, temperament and personality of job seekers, so as to understand their own strengths and weaknesses and analyze their own careers.
(4) Guide job seekers to choose jobs correctly. Employment agencies should guide job seekers to choose jobs reasonably according to social needs and personality characteristics. According to the professional requirements, introduce them to the corresponding training institutions to learn professional knowledge and skills and cultivate their professional ability.
(5) Help employers choose qualified workers. Employment agencies should have a deep understanding of the needs of employers and the norms of workers' quality, and provide scientific means to help them choose qualified workers who meet the needs of all walks of life.
2. Perfect information network. At present, our district has not yet established a sound employment information network, which is a great restriction on re-employment work. Employment information network mainly depends on the interconnection of computer networks, forming information flow and * * * sharing between terminals. In areas where the employment information network has been established, the mobility of the network and the convenience of information acquisition have been fully utilized, and a four-level employment and re-employment information network has been established at the city, district (county, city), street (township) and community levels, which greatly facilitates the re-employed people to know the employment information and enables them to know the needs of the labor market at any time and find employment opportunities. For our region, the government should increase investment in this area, meet the needs of development, and establish a sound information network to provide it.
(B) the establishment of dynamic management of laid-off workers, the formation of a new system of labor resources management. Dynamic management of laid-off workers mainly refers to the establishment of basic information files and employment and re-employment database of laid-off workers, timely understanding of personnel situation, timely finding and solving problems encountered by laid-off workers in the employment process. At present, the dynamic management of laid-off workers in our region has achieved certain results. According to statistics, nearly 10,000 people have entered the dynamic management scope of the district labor service department. In practical work, how to do a good job in the dynamic management of laid-off workers, we put forward the following suggestions:
1, use the established labor security centers at all levels to conduct in-depth investigation and understand the situation. Our district has established labor security centers in towns, streets and neighborhood committees. In order to provide targeted services, labor and social security centers at all levels should conduct a comprehensive investigation and registration of the basic situation of laid-off and unemployed workers within their jurisdiction, so as to know all kinds of people, all kinds of people and names. Register residents' employment situation, employment desire, economic situation and urban minimum living security from door to door. , and do a good job of filing and card building.
2. Provide employment information, recommend employment in time, implement the policy of one post and one laid-off person, and improve the pertinence of services and work efficiency.
(3) Take the opportunity of developing characteristic economy and functional community construction to provide laid-off workers with multi-level and wide-ranging re-employment services. Since the beginning of this year, our region has given priority to expanding employment and actively grasped employment development. Wherever the economy develops, employment development will follow. Up to now, through attracting investment, accelerating the development of private economy, supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, bankruptcy and reorganization of enterprises and vigorously developing community services, economic growth has been stimulated, the development of related industries has been promoted, employment and re-employment have been promoted, and 4,276 new jobs have been created. Among them, there are 770 new commercial enterprises, 60 industrial projects1/kloc-0, 680 employees in the market, 387 new jobs in the community, and more than 270 self-employed, self-employed and joint employment/kloc-0. Rural labor force output is 69 1 1 person, including 5340 people outside the city, 543 people outside the province, and 28 people abroad. In order to further provide re-employment services for laid-off workers, we must do a good job in the development of characteristic economy and the construction of functional communities in combination with the actual situation in our region, and open up a broader development space.
1, develop characteristic economy. Economic development is the key factor to solve the reemployment of laid-off workers. Only with economic development can we provide more jobs and meet the re-employment needs of laid-off workers. Only when the economy develops can the government put more special funds into the re-employment project. Starting from the reality of our region, how to do a good job in zhoucun district's economy is actually a question of how to do a good job in county economy, and the fundamental way out for doing a good job in county economy lies in developing county-specific economy. We believe that from the perspective of developing characteristic economy, the following aspects should be considered to do a good job in the economic development of our region:
(1) To get rid of the concepts of "big and complete" and "small and complete" and establish a new economic concept of "not seeking more, but seeking characteristics" and "not seeking perfection, but seeking perfection", we should examine our own strengths and weaknesses with the concept of holistic thinking; From the new economic development pattern of the whole province (city, autonomous region), the whole country and even the whole world, choose your own "coordinates" for economic development.
(2) Improve the investment environment. First, create an ideological and public opinion environment that adapts to economic development and establish the concept that "investment environment is also productivity". The second is to create a good policy environment. It is necessary to reform the current market access system, lower the threshold of enterprise registration and the cost of establishment, prohibit administrative monopoly and industrial monopoly, standardize market order, and break local protectionism and market barriers. The third is to create a quality service environment. It is necessary to effectively transform government functions and improve and reduce administrative examination and approval. Fourth, create a good legal environment, adhere to the rule of law, and create an open, fair and just market competition environment.
(3) Build "three mechanisms". In order to fundamentally solve the deep-seated contradictions in the development of county-level characteristic economy and promote the sustained, rapid and healthy development of county-level characteristic economy, we must focus on building "three mechanisms" for the development of county-level characteristic economy: First, establish a reasonable economic structure. Structure determines quality, and structure determines efficiency. We should be market-oriented and face the international and domestic markets, speed up the adjustment of economic structure, and build ownership structure, industrial structure, technical structure and enterprise organizational structure that meet the basic requirements of market economy, are full of vitality and vitality, have sufficient development potential, have strong market competitiveness, and have high operational quality and good benefits. The second is to establish an advanced technological progress system. Vigorously develop high-tech industries, accelerate technological progress and industrial upgrading, transform and upgrade traditional industries with advanced and applicable technologies, improve county economic equipment and technical level, and increase the scientific and technological content of characteristic industries and products. Cultivate the innovation mechanism of county economy, enhance the competitive advantages of talents, technology and information, and build an information platform for county economic development. The third is to establish a flexible economic operation mechanism. It is necessary to speed up the integration of resources and the merger and reorganization of enterprises, and effectively change the operating mechanism of enterprises. Cultivate and improve the market system, implement market-oriented operation, enterprise management, specialization and industrialization development in accordance with the requirements of economic laws, and form a new mechanism and model for the development of county-level characteristic economy.
2. Building functional communities. From the perspective of solving the re-employment of laid-off workers, the main content of building functional communities is to standardize the development of community service industry. According to the income level and consumption demand of residents, various convenience service projects are set up according to local conditions. Vigorously encourage and support the development of community service industry, and expand employment while promoting the socialization of domestic service. Public security, transportation, gardening, environmental protection and other departments should actively cooperate with community construction according to the needs of urban construction and management, and strive to develop public welfare posts such as security, cleaning, green protection, traffic co-management, and civilized ride supervision. Since the beginning of this year, our district has vigorously developed community services, creating 387 new jobs and promoting re-employment work. However, the community construction in our district is still in its infancy. In order to do a good job in community construction in our district, improve community functions and provide more jobs through in-depth development of community service industry, we believe that we should focus on the following aspects:
(1) Earnestly implement preferential policies and increase financial support. By developing community service to expand employment, the government must relax its commercial policy in the field of community service and encourage people to start businesses according to market demand. Especially for low-profit service projects, we should implement various preferential policies such as tax and industrial fee reduction and exemption. For example, in Shanghai, recognized labor organizations can be exempted from local taxes such as business tax and income tax within three years, as well as other social contributions except statutory pension, medical care and unemployment insurance premiums. Generally speaking, the most important thing at present is not how many new preferential policies are introduced, but the implementation of existing preferential policies. For laid-off workers and unemployed people who participate in community employment, they can bring in certain support funds and enjoy one-time business start-up subsidies. For those who are engaged in the community service industry, if their income does not reach a certain standard, they can be subsidized to the prescribed level from the relevant funds. In short, under the premise of not reducing the original state financial support for laid-off workers and unemployed people, we should change passive assistance to support community workers and make good use of funds; And improve the speed of funds in place and speed up the operation cycle of funds. In addition, the community employment promotion leading group should raise funds, provide discount loans or bank loan guarantees for ordinary workers engaged in community service industries, and effectively solve the financial difficulties.
(2) Coordination and cooperation to simplify procedures. Re-employment is a major event related to social stability. Community employment involves industry and commerce, taxation, planning, labor security, urban management, health and other aspects, and each management institution has its own management authority. On the basis of reasonable division of labor, coordinate and simplify procedures to provide convenience for qualified economic entities. For laid-off workers and unemployed people who intend to establish economic entities or informal employment labor organizations, if they are found to meet the conditions for starting, they can cut off all kinds of complicated and lengthy procedures, which will be confirmed by the labor and social security department or specialized agencies, and other stations will be unimpeded.
(3) guide laid-off workers and unemployed people in cities to establish community service industries or to find jobs in community service institutions. The state can contribute funds, and the labor management departments at all levels of the government can provide professional and technical training for laid-off workers and unemployed people, as well as training on how to start and manage community service industry. Through training, we can understand the procedures and management knowledge of starting community service industry and promote more laid-off workers to start their own businesses and obtain employment.
To sum up, in order to better solve the re-employment problem of laid-off workers, we must consider from many aspects, truly implement the policies of governments at all levels on re-employment, implement the employment policy of "workers choose their own jobs, the market regulates employment, and the government promotes employment", correctly handle the relationship between economic development, maintaining stability and expanding employment, improve people's living standards, and achieve long-term stability in China.