Illumination: Solar energy is the only energy source for grape photosynthesis, and it is the driving force for grape energy and material circulation. 90% ~ 95% of grape yield and quality comes from photosynthesis. In many cases, the real solar energy consumed by photosynthesis has not reached 1% of the total solar energy. In China, the solar energy utilization rate of general vineyards is only about 0.5%. Grapes are light-loving crops. For thousands of years, people have erected and trimmed it in order to get more adequate and reasonable light.
Grape planting techniques and methods
Temperature: Temperature (heat) is the most important meteorological factor affecting the growth and fruit of grapes. Grape is a warm temperate plant, which needs quite a lot of heat. During the grape growing period (from budding to fruiting), the monthly average temperature is above 10 degrees, which varies with different varieties. Temperature also has an important influence on the growth and fruiting process of grapes. High temperature will do harm to grapes, but the degree is far less than that of low temperature. The harm of low temperature to grapes is a common problem in grape cultivation in the world, and low temperature limits the cultivation area of grapes. Grapes are generally planted in the northern hemisphere between 20 degrees and 5 1 degree north latitude. The northern limit of European grape variety cultivation is the Rhine Valley in Germany, and the southern limit of cultivation extends to India. In the southern hemisphere, grapes are mainly planted between 20 and 40 degrees south latitude. The limiting factors for the expansion of grape planting range in Europe to the equator are high temperature, disease and lack of sufficient low temperature to induce grape dormancy. The main limiting factor for the expansion of European grapes to the poles is that the growing season is short, which is not enough to ensure the maturity of fruits and vines and to resist the low temperature in winter.
Precipitation: The quantity and seasonal distribution of precipitation strongly affect the growth and development of grapes and the yield and quality of grapes. In some areas, the seasonal variation of precipitation of some cultivated varieties is one of the most important climatic factors for grape variety zoning. Due to different climate types in the world, the seasonal variation of precipitation shows significant differences. The seasonal distribution of climate precipitation in the Mediterranean is characterized by drought in summer and autumn and rainy in winter and spring. However, the climate of the main grape producing areas in China is monsoon climate (except Xinjiang), which is hot and rainy in summer and rainy in the south in spring, making it difficult to cultivate grapes. Except Xinjiang, it is not good for grapes, and the phenomenon of grape water shortage is very obvious.
Grape planting techniques and methods
Seedling/cultivation: cuttings are often used for propagation, and annual branches with vigorous growth and full bud eyes are cut off. Cuttings with single or double buds are about 5- 15cm long and planted in the seedbed at the spacing of 15cm×50cm in February. However, rootstocks with strong adaptability and resistance should be selected in hot areas, and grafted seedlings suitable for local climate conditions should be cultivated through grafting propagation. In the selection of rootstocks, American Riverside grapes are heat-resistant and moisture-resistant; Vitis amurensis from East Asia is highly resistant to fungal diseases. Hot areas can be planted in winter or in Kechun. The row spacing of grid frame is 3m× 1.5 ~ 2m, 1500 ~ 2000 plants/hm ㎡; Or 4 m× 0.5 ~ 1 m, 2250 ~ 4500 plants /hm ㎡.
Fertilizer/Nutrition: Grapes need a lot of nutrients, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer will increase accordingly after entering the fruiting period. In addition to organic fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium need 80 ~ 150 kg per hectare, which is adjusted according to variety, yield, tree potential and soil fertility. Apply base fertilizer after winter, and apply 30,000 kg of chicken and duck manure, 3,750 kg of cake fertilizer and 3,750 kg of calcium superphosphate per hectare. Topdressing before shading buds, flowering and fruit expansion, and spraying Zhuangguodiling and Gymboree microbial sweeteners in time. Nitrogen fertilizer was mainly applied in the early stage to promote the growth of branches and ears, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied in the fruit expansion stage to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. [5] Because a large number of beneficial microorganisms and metabolites of functional microorganisms in microbial bacterial fertilizer proliferate and spread rapidly in the soil in geometric progression. Topdressing outside the roots and spraying 0. 3% urea and 0. 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can promote fruit expansion and ripening. In order to produce high-quality grapes, irrigation facilities are needed in the garden to avoid drastic changes in soil dryness and wetness. Generally, there is a lot of water demand in germination stage and young fruit growth stage, so irrigation should be done in time in case of drought.
Shaping/pruning: in hot areas, small scaffolding or T-shaped hedges are generally used for single stems and fewer main vines. The frame is higher than the ground, which is convenient for ventilation and light transmission and reduces the damage of diseases and ground radiation to leaves and fruits. Pruning is one of the important measures to ensure the output of the year. Winter occurs after defoliation, with long branches of 8 ~ 12 knots, middle branches of 5 ~ 7 knots and short branches of 3 ~ 1 knot. Summer pruning is to remove the redundant buds in the germination stage, and coat a layer of calluses at the pruning mouth. Before flowering, too many inflorescences should be sparse, the big ones should be kept small, and the strong ones should be kept weak. When the branches and vines grow to a certain extent, they should be tied to the surface of the frame, and the tendrils should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption. Results 5 ~ 7 leaves were left before the inflorescence to improve the nutritional status. Grape has a high fruit setting rate, so it can be thinned appropriately to make the fruit size uniform, otherwise abnormal fruit and small fruit will appear.
Grape planting techniques and methods
Matters needing attention
There are many points for attention in grape planting techniques and methods. If large-scale cultivation management is needed, systematic research is needed. You can buy some books related to grape cultivation, such as raisin cultivation, practical techniques of red globe grape cultivation, high-quality pollution-free cultivation of red globe grape and so on.
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