The interpretation of the country name is named after the country name. It is generally believed that magyars, the main ethnic group in Hungary, is Hungarian. "Hungary" means "ten tribes"
The national flag is rectangular with an aspect ratio of 3: 2. From top to bottom, it consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles: red, white and green. Red symbolizes the blood of patriots and the independence and sovereignty of the country; White symbolizes peace and represents the people's beautiful desire to pursue freedom and light; Green symbolizes Hungary's prosperity and people's confidence and hope for the future.
The national emblem is the coat of arms. The shield surface is vertically divided into two parts: the left side is a parallel red and white wide strip; On the lower right is a green mountain with a crown on the top. The crown is a white double cross pattern, which is the symbol of the bishop. Above the coat of arms is St. Stephen's big crown, and above the crown is an oblique cross. It is said that when the Hungarian crown was stolen, the cross was tilted by thieves.
National anthem "Hungarian National Anthem".
Independence Day 165438+ 10/0/6 (1918)
August 20th National Day (1949)
Holocaust Remembrance Day: April 16 (1944)
Freedom Day: March 15 (1848)
Mazar people account for 98% of the total population, and others are Germanic, Slovak, Romanian and Serbian. There is a saying that the Huns in ancient China.
There is a poem that can prove: Our distant ancestors, how did you walk from Asia to the Danube and establish a country? -Hungarian poet petofi)
The capital Budapest. Population 1.7 million (65438+ 10/in 2006).
The main cities are Skok, Debrecen and szeged.
Currency forint.
Time difference with Beijing -7.00
International telephone code 36
Tulip, the national flower (Liliaceae)
Lake Balaton, Balladra Cave Group, St. istvan Cathedral.
It is customary for a woman to wrap her hair in a cloth after marriage, which is the biggest difference from unmarried girls. Marriage requires three stages: proposal, engagement and marriage. Engagement ceremony is essential. Both parties were accompanied by a female relative to register with the priest.
National dignitaries: President solyom laszlo, elected in June 2005; Gyurcsany ferenc was elected Prime Minister in September 2004. In April 2006, the Socialist Party won the parliamentary election and obtained the right to form a cabinet. In June of the same year, Gyurcsanyi was sworn in as Prime Minister.
[Edit this paragraph] Population
10190000 (1,20071October). The main ethnic group is Mazar (that is, Hungarian), accounting for about 98%. Ethnic minorities include Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Germany and Gypsies. The official language is Hungarian. Residents mainly believe in Catholicism (66.2%) and Christianity (17.9%). /kloc-98.9% of citizens over 0/5 years old have a basic education level.
[Edit this paragraph] Physical geography
It covers an area of 93,030 square kilometers. It is a landlocked country in central Europe. The whole territory is dominated by plains, and 80% of the land is below 200 meters above sea level, belonging to the middle reaches of the Danube River. The Hungarian plain east of the Danube River covers an area of about 50,000 square kilometers, and there are also small plains in the northwest, most of which are100-150m above sea level. Less than one-fifth of the mountains, the northern part is a part of Carpathian Mountains, with an altitude of 300- 1 1,000m. Kaikeshi Peak in the northern mountainous area is the highest point in China, with an altitude of 10 15m. The Danube Mountains in the west are the residual veins of the Alps, generally 300-500m above sea level, and the highest Coliche Peak is 704m above sea level. Lake Balaton, located at the southern foot of Mount Bauconi, is the largest lake in Central Europe.
This mountainous area is densely forested, with oak, beech and bodhi trees. There are vast grasslands and fertile black soil on the plain. The important river is the Danube and its tributary Tisza River. Lake Balaton is the largest freshwater lake. It belongs to temperate continental climate. The average temperature in1October is 65438+-4 ~-2℃, the average temperature in July is 20 ~ 22℃, and the annual precipitation is 480 ~ 800 mm, decreasing from west to east. It borders Romania in the east, Serbia in the south, Austria in the west and the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine in the north. Bauxite is rich in reserves and distributed in Huaidanao mountain area. There are also coal, oil, natural gas, iron, manganese, uranium and other mineral deposits. Two thirds of the territory has underground hot water reserves.
[Edit this paragraph] A brief history
The formation of the Hungarian state originated from the nomadic tribe Madzar in the east. In the 9th century, they migrated westward from the western foothills of the Urals and Volga River, and settled in the Danube River basin in 896. In A.D. 1000, King St. Esther was crowned and the feudal state was formally established. /kloc-The reign of King Magash in the second half of the 5th century was a glorious period in Hungarian history. 1526 Turkey invaded and the feudal state disintegrated. From 65438 to 0699, the whole territory was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty. 1848, the free revolutionary struggle led by Kosos broke out. 1849 In April, the Hungarian Parliament adopted the Declaration of Independence and established the Republic of Hungary, but it was quickly strangled by Austrian and Russian troops. 1867 the austro-hungarian agreement declared the establishment of the austro-hungarian empire. The Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated after the First World War. 191811Hungary announced the establishment of the second bourgeois republic. 1919 On March 2 1 day, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was founded. In August of the same year, the imperialist interveners jointly attacked and subverted, restored the constitutional monarchy, and began fascist rule in Holti. 1945 In April, the Soviet Red Army liberated the whole territory of Hungary with the cooperation of the Hungarian people. 1946 In February, the monarchy was abolished and the Hungarian Republic was established. 1949 On August 20th, the Hungarian People's Republic was established and the Constitution was promulgated. The Hungarian incident broke out in June 1956. 1989, 101October 23rd, according to the constitutional amendment, it was decided to change the name of the People's Republic of Hungary to Hungary. At the end of 1999, the Crown Law was passed and the Crown Committee headed by the President was established.
[Edit this paragraph] Politics
The political situation in Hungary changed greatly from 65438 to 0989. In February of the same year, the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (hereinafter referred to as the Social Workers' Party) announced that it would abandon its status as the ruling party and implement a multi-party system. Since then, the contradictions within the Hungarian party have been made public, which eventually led to the split of the party. 1989 10 10 In October, the Social Workers' Party was renamed the Socialist Party and proposed to establish "democratic socialism" in Hungary. In the same month, the Hungarian Parliament passed a constitutional amendment, changing "Hungarian People's Republic" into "Hungarian Republic", and decided to abolish the Presidium of the Republic as the collective head of state and adopt a presidential system; Establish a country ruled by law with multi-party system and parliamentary democracy; Abolish the provisions on the leading role of political parties in state institutions in Marxism–Leninism.
[Edit this paragraph] Economy
Hungary is a country with a medium level of development and a good industrial base. According to its national conditions, Hungary has developed and produced some knowledge-intensive products with its own characteristics, such as computers, communication equipment, instruments and meters, chemicals and medicines. Hungary has taken various measures to optimize the investment environment and is one of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe that attract the most foreign investment per capita.
Natural resources are relatively poor, and bauxite is the main mineral resource, ranking third in Europe. In addition, there are a small amount of lignite, oil, natural gas, uranium, iron and manganese. The forest coverage rate is about 18%. Agriculture has a good foundation and occupies an important position in the national economy. It not only provides abundant food for the domestic market, but also earns a lot of foreign exchange for the country. The main agricultural products are wheat, corn, sugar beet and potato. Tourism is relatively developed.
Although Hungary is poor in resources, it has beautiful mountains and rivers, magnificent buildings and distinctive features. There are many hot springs here, and the four seasons are distinct, which attracts tourists from all over the world. The main tourist attractions are Budapest, Lake Balaton, Danube River and Matlau Mountain. Budapest, the capital of the Danube, is a famous ancient city in Europe, with infinite scenery and the reputation of "the pearl on the Danube". Lake Balaton, the largest freshwater lake in Europe, is also a bright spot to attract a large number of tourists. In addition, Hungarian wines also add luster to this country with a long history and mellow taste. Hungary's unique natural scenery and cultural landscape make it a big tourist country and one of the important sources of foreign exchange in Hungary.
Since 1989, Hungary has undergone a transition from a planned economy to a market economy, with the goal of integrating with the European economy as soon as possible. With the political stability and economic development, Hungary joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development on 1996 and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on 1999. In 2002, the EU announced that it would accept Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and other countries that applied to join the EU as full members in 2004. Hungary is currently stepping up the improvement of its domestic legal system in accordance with the legal framework of the European Union.
In the mid-1990s, Hungary vigorously carried out a set of economic reform plans, that is, implemented privatization and economic liberalization policies on the basis of market economy, and vigorously attracted foreign investment. The reform has achieved remarkable results. The unemployment rate in Hungary is decreasing year by year, the inflation rate is greatly reduced, and foreign investment is pouring in. Hungary quickly embarked on the road of export-driven rapid economic growth. Nearly 2000 state-owned enterprises were sold in the process of privatization, and the proportion of private economy in GDP increased from 20% in 1989 to over 80% in 2000.
From 1997 to 2000, the average growth rate of Hungarian economy exceeded 4%. In 200 1 year, although its GDP growth has slowed down, it is still one of the countries with the highest growth rate in Central and Eastern Europe, and it is higher than the average growth level of the European Union.
For a long time in the past, the inflation rate in Hungary remained high, which seriously restricted economic growth. Therefore, the Central Bank of Hungary adopted a strict monetary policy to ensure the stability of prices and control the rise of inflation. In 200 1 year, the Central Bank of Hungary abandoned the mechanism of small exchange rate depreciation that had been implemented for many years, and increased its fluctuation range by 15% respectively, and changed the original peg of forint to the US dollar to the euro. Thanks to the efforts of all parties, in 2002, Hungary's inflation rate dropped from 6.8% in the previous year to 5.3%, and its economic growth rate was 3.3%. Economic growth is mainly due to the sustained growth of tourism and construction, as well as the fiscal stimulus policies adopted by the government to raise wages and expand consumer demand. In 2002, the current account deficit is planned to remain below 4.5% of GDP. Hungarian currency forint has been freely convertible.
In 2002, Moody's Investment Service Company upgraded the credit rating of Hungarian government's foreign currency bonds from BBB3 to A 1. In Central and Eastern Europe, Hungary is second only to Slovenia in competitiveness.
industry
Hungary's industrial policy aims at promoting investment, supporting enterprises' R&D and innovation, establishing a wide product supply and marketing network, improving industrial competitiveness and preparing for joining the European Union. The main industries of Hungarian industry are machinery manufacturing, medicine, information technology and food processing.
In 2000, the growth rate of industrial production in Hungary was 18.3%, but in 2006 it dropped to 4. 1%, 438+0, and even to 2.6% in 2002. The growth of industrial production in Hungary mainly comes from the development of information technology, telecommunications and household appliances.
infrastructure
With the support of the government, Hungary's transportation infrastructure has been rebuilt on a large scale, and the mileage of expressways has been increasing. Railways are still state-owned and are widely used in industrial transportation because of their low transportation cost, safety and reliability. Hungary International Airport is located in the suburb of Budapest and has two modern terminals.
The telecommunication system in Hungary is relatively perfect, and the mobile communication industry is particularly developed. In order to meet the requirements of joining the European Union, the Hungarian government passed the Telecommunications Liberalization Act in 200 1. The bill has opened the domestic and international fixed telephone markets and liberalized the mobile communication market. At present, the Hungarian national telephone company still dominates the international long-distance and domestic fixed-line market. There are currently about 50 Internet service providers in Hungary.
Labor force
Hungary's labor force is of high quality, with a population of about 4,654,380+million. Most of them have received higher education and have specific skills and expertise. The proportion of educated population in Hungary exceeds 98% of the total population, about two-thirds of the labor force has completed a professional or various forms of technical training and vocational education, and many young people in Hungary have mastered foreign languages such as English, German and French.
In 200 1 year, the unemployment rate in Hungary was 5.4%, far below the EU average. The employment situation in different regions of Hungary varies greatly. Northwest China lacks skilled workers, especially financial and marketing talents, while the unemployment rate in eastern Danube is higher than the national average.
The wage level in Hungary is much lower than that in Western Europe and almost the same as the average level in Central and Eastern Europe. The labor cost in eastern Hungary is lower than that in the west, but the technical level of workers is equivalent to that in the west.
Foreign investment in Hungary
Foreign investment is an important driving force for Hungary's foreign trade export and economic growth. Through the privatization process, Hungary has attracted a lot of foreign investment.
In the way of privatization, Hungary did not adopt the way of ticket privatization implemented by most eastern European countries, because the privatization of tickets greatly limited the possibility of foreign investors buying the whole Hungarian company. Hungary encourages foreign investors to buy state-owned enterprises as a whole.
Since 1990, more than 1500 state-owned enterprises have been privatized in Hungary, and the privatization income has exceeded 1000 billion US dollars. Since the Privatization Act and its amendments were promulgated in June 1995, the privatization process has been obviously accelerated and its procedures have become more transparent. Hungarian privatization and state-owned holding companies are specialized agencies responsible for managing and selling the assets of state-owned enterprises.
Since 1990, foreign investors have set up about 30,000 enterprises in Hungary, with an investment of about US$ 28.4 billion, accounting for about one third of the foreign investment in Central and Eastern Europe, making Hungary one of the countries attracting the most foreign investment in Central and Eastern Europe. Hungary attracts 2480 US dollars of foreign investment per capita, ranking first in Central and Eastern Europe.
Countries that invest more in Hungary include France, Italy, Japan and Britain. Among the projects with investment above $ 100000, the United States accounts for 29%, Germany for 26%, France for 1 1%, and the Netherlands for 10%.
The output value of foreign capital accounts for about one-third of GDP, employing 43% of the country's labor force, and exports account for 70% of all exports.
Foreign-funded enterprises have played an important role in improving labor productivity in Hungary. Most of these enterprises attach importance to product quality and technological innovation, and begin to establish new industries, such as automobile assembly, parts production, electronic industrial components and so on. Foreign-funded enterprises have played a key role in the modernization of Hungarian telecommunications, medicine and food industries.
The industrial structure of foreign investment is changing: the proportion of manufacturing industry has dropped from 50% of 200 1 to 36% in 2002, while the proportion of investment is concentrated in real estate, leasing, auxiliary business activities (16%), financial services (12%), electricity and natural gas, heating and water supply (.
At present, 45 of the world's top 50 multinational companies have settled in Hungary, including: General Electric, General Motors, Audi, IBM, Elextronics, Philips, Nokia, Ameritech-Deutsche Telekom, Electrolux, Siemens and so on. Some multinational companies reinvest their profits in Hungary.
More and more foreign-funded enterprises begin to pay attention to high value-added and high-quality products. Many companies, such as General Electric, General Motors, Opel, Nokia, Audi, Siemens, Flextronics, Philips and Ericsson, have moved to Hungary. In February 2002, General Electric Lighting Company decided to move its regional center for Europe, Middle East and Africa in London to Hungary.
Due to Hungary's superior geographical location, more and more foreign-funded enterprises tend to set up auxiliary service centers in Hungary. General electric company, Dlageo Pic and electronic data system company have set up auxiliary centers in Hungary in the past two years.
In the past few years, the Hungarian government has focused on encouraging the development of the following industries: housing, bridge and highway construction, small and medium-sized enterprise development, tourism, innovation and research and development (especially in the field of information technology).
Hungary's foreign trade
Hungary is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and will become a member of the European Union in 2004. It is also a member of the European Free Trade Agreement and the Central European Free Trade Area (CEFTA). In addition, Hungary has signed bilateral free trade agreements with Israel, Turkey, Croatia and Estonia. In order to comply with the provisions of the World Trade Organization, Hungary cancelled the product quotas from WTO member countries from 200 1 1. At the same time, the tariffs on industrial products imported from the EU and CEFTA countries were abolished.
Hungarian foreign trade classification
Hungary's export growth mainly depends on multinational companies investing in Hungary, and 70% of its exports come from these enterprises.
In the mid-1990s, with the influx of foreign capital, Hungary's exports grew rapidly, with the growth rates of 1997 and 1998 both reaching 20%. In 2002, the growth rate of trade was 12.6%, and the total foreign trade reached $34.3 billion, of which imports increased by 1 1.7%.
Compared with the past, great changes have taken place in Hungary's main trading partners: foreign trade with the European Union accounts for two-thirds of its total foreign trade, while before 1989, trade with countries with former mutual economic relations accounted for two-thirds of its foreign trade. In 2002, 82% of Hungarian products were exported to developed countries, of which 75. 1% were sold to EU countries, 14% to EU countries and 14% to CEFTA countries. In terms of imports, Hungary's imports from developed countries accounted for 66.8% of the total imports, of which 56.3% came from the European Union and 16- 17% came from other regions.
In 2002, Hungary's main trading partners were Germany, Austria, Italy, France and the United States, and the countries that exported more to Hungary were Germany, Italy, Austria, Russia, China, France, Japan and the United States.
Great changes have taken place in the industrial structure of Hungary's foreign trade: the proportion of mechanical products in export products rose from 199 1 to 2 1% in 2002, and the finished products ranked second, accounting for 30.8%. Fuel and electricity are maintained at the original level (2-3%). The proportion of agricultural products, food and raw materials in exports has been declining in the past few years, accounting for about 9%. In 2002, the proportion of agricultural products and food was close to 7%. In terms of imports, machinery and equipment accounted for the highest proportion, accounting for 52%, followed by manufactured goods, accounting for 35.5%.
The main products imported by Hungary are: oil, natural gas, auto parts, computer equipment, steam turbines and measuring instruments; Export products include: electronic products, machinery and equipment, vehicles (non-railway) and chemical products.
[Edit this paragraph] Press and publication
At present, running a newspaper in Hungary does not require approval, but only needs to be registered with the Ministry of Culture and Education. Many publications have foreign shares. In 200 1 year, there are 7 national newspapers with large circulation and 87 other publications. The main daily newspapers are Metro, Today at a Glance, People's Freedom, National Sports, Hungarian Nation, Express, Hungarian News and People's Voice. The Hungarian news agency is state-owned and was founded in 1880. The main radio stations are Koschut Radio (founded in 1949) and petofi Radio, both of which are state-run radio stations. There are also Radio Baldock and Radio Donobis. The main TV station is Hungarian TV, which is state-owned and founded in 1958. Danube TV, private.
[Edit this paragraph] Diplomacy
Pursue an independent foreign policy based on national interests. While maintaining a balanced diplomatic relationship between the East and the West, we will strive to return to Europe and join the EU at an early date. 1In March 1999, Hungary formally joined NATO. On May 1 2004, Hungary officially became a member of the European Union.
Relations with China1949101On October 6th, Hungary established diplomatic relations with China at the ambassadorial level.